Canada substantiation

The data available are generally for the Athabasca materials, although workers at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City) have carried out an intensive program to determine the processibiUty of Utah bitumen and considerable data have become available. Bulk properties of samples from several locations (Table 3) (9) show that there is a wide range of properties. Substantial differences exist between the tar sands in Canada and those in the United States a difference often cited is that the former is water-wet and the latter, oil-wet (10). 

Petroleum Waxes. Waxes derived from petroleum are hydrocarbons of three types paraffin [64742-43-4] (clay-treated) sernimicrocrystaUine or intermediate and microcrystalHne [64742-42-3] (clay-treated). SernimicrocrystaUine waxes are not generally marketed as such (7). Others include acid-treated, chemically neutrali2ed, and hydrotreated and paraffin and hydrocarbon waxes, untreated. The quaHty and quantity of the wax separated from the cmde oil depends on the source of the cmde oil and the degree of refining to which it has been subjected prior to wax separation. Petroleum waxes are produced in massive quantities throughout the world. Subject to the wax content in the cmde, paraffin and, to a substantially lesser degree, microcrystalHne wax are produced in almost all countries of the world that refine cmde oil. Production capacity in the United States and imports for the years 1990 to 1995 are Hsted in Table 2. Canada suppHes over 50% of the petroleum wax imported into the United States (3). 

The evolution in the world production of asbestos fibers since 1950 is illustrated in Table 5 (5) after a peak near 1980, production leveled off after 1985 at 4.2 4.3 X 10 t. Changes in the production of the two main producers, Canada and the former USSR, over the same period are also illustrated. These figures show a substantial decrease in the Canadian production with a concomitant increase in the former USSR production. During recent years, several other countries, namely Brazil, Zimbabwe, and China, have substantially increased their production of chrysotile. Most of China s production, as well as the limited production of many other countries, is used in local industrial appHcations. South Africa is the only country where the three main types of asbestos are produced (chrysotile, crocidoHte, and amosite), and the only significant producer of amphibole fibers. 

The United States is highly dependent on bismuth imports because domestic usage greatiy outmns domestic production. In 1990, the United States imported 1612 t of bismuth (3). The primary sources are Belgium, Mexico, and Pern. Substantial quantities of metal were also imported from Canada, China, Germany, and the United Kingdom. A small quantity of bismuth was imposed from Japan. 

U.S. imports of calcium metals fluctuate greatiy. Since the mid-1980s, the avadabiHty of very low priced calcium metal from China and the CIS has led to substantial reductions in calcium production by Western producers. This has been compensated to a certain extent by an increase in sales of processed materials, ie, alloys and particulates, by the Western companies. In 1991, more than 700 tons of calcium metal were imported to the United States from the People s RepubHc of China. Significant quantities of calcium alloys and particulates have also been imported from France and Canada. 

Canada. Canada has one sizeable mine and at least five more possibly commercial deposits, one or two of which might be brought onstream in the next few years. The new Lac-des-Iles mine and mill of Stratmin Inc. has, for practical purposes, displaced Asbury Graphite s older and smaller mine and mill at Notre Dame du Laus. Stratmin states that the capacity of the operation is 25,000 tons per year as concentrate and this might be substantially increased later. 

Uranium is found in most rock, in a concentration of two to four parts per million (ppm). Substantially greater average concentrations can be found in mineral deposits, as high as 10,000 ppm, or 10 percent. Most uranium deposits suitable for mining, however, contain an average of less than 1 percent uranium. Uranium is a metal, and thus its acquisition is not unlike the mining of any other metallic ore. Although uranium is found nearly eveiywhere on the earth, Canada leads the world in uranium production, mostly due to its heavy financial investment m uranium exploration, and to a few sizable deposits in the Saskatchewan territoiy. Table 1 depicts the total world uranium production in 1997. 

Worldwide the food situation is worsening. Only five nations (Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, and the United States) export substantial quantities of grains. Further, during recent years grain deficits have escalated in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (5),... 

Two further aspects of records deserve special mention. First, the recent and substantial anthropogenic production of SO2 has a clear signature in increased SOl concentrations in Greenland accumulation, but not in northwestern Canada or the Antarctic (Mayewski et ai, 1993). Second, large or local volcanic eruptions can produce substantial S04 spikes. 

Water-in-oil macroemulsions have been proposed as a method for producing viscous drive fluids that can maintain effective mobility control while displacing moderately viscous oils. For example, the use of water-in-oil and oil-in-water macroemulsions have been evaluated as drive fluids to improve oil recovery of viscous oils. Such emulsions have been created by addition of sodium hydroxide to acidic crude oils from Canada and Venezuela. In this study, the emulsions were stabilized by soap films created by saponification of acidic hydrocarbon components in the crude oil by sodium hydroxide. These soap films reduced the oil/water interfacial tension, acting as surfactants to stabilize the water-in-oil emulsion. It is well known, therefore, that the stability of such emulsions substantially depends on the use of sodium hydroxide (i.e., caustic) for producing a soap film to reduce the oil/water interfacial tension. 

Before addressing the question of the health impacts of radon and its decay products, the levels that have been found in indoor air will be reviewed. During the past decade, there has been an increasing number of surveys on the concentrations of airborne radioactivity in homes and other structures. A number of systematic national surveys have been conducted during the past five years so that there is substantial information available on radon concentrations in many European countries and Canada. A summary of these studies is presented in Table II. 

Between 5 and 24 new cases per 100,000 persons are reported each year (20.5 per 100,000 in the USA). The prevalence of the disease is 57-371 patients per 100,000 persons worldwide (300 per 100,000 for the USA and Canada). With the increasing age of the population, a four-fold increase in the prevalence of PD is expected over the next 20 years. The age of onset differs substantially between patients (average age of onset is 62 years). Young-onset patients commonly suffer from one of the genetic forms of the disease (see below). Males appear to be affected slightly more frequently than females. 

The preparation of a reference material requires substantial planning prior to undertaking a specific project (see Box 5.1). The process begins with the definition of the material to be produced, for example, preparation of a seawater-based reference material containing the nutrient elements N03, P04, and Si(OH)4 at concentration levels appropriate to oceanic samples and certified for these constituents." Such definitions arise either from internal decisions by reference material producers (such as NIST or NRC-Canada) typically in response to perceived needs, or through external pressure on these producers from potential users. (This report, for example, explicitly identifies a number of pressing needs for reference materials for the ocean sciences.)... 

Clinical Trial Application (CTA) has to be submitted to Health Canada seeking permission to conduct clinical trials. The submission should include information regarding drug characteristics, test data, animal studies, and clinical protocol. A clinical trial may be stopped when either it is shown to be unsafe or dramatic benefits are obtained. The approval process may be fast-tracked if a drug is shown to have substantial benefits, such as for treatment of life-threatening or severely debilitating conditions. 

Indirect costs, sometimes called productivity costs, are incurred as a consequence of the patient s condition and the patient s experience of the condition and not as a direct result of the treatment of the patient s condition. For those gainfully employed, this includes disability, absenteeism and lost productivity. These measures are quantifiable and the total indirect costs can be a substantial portion of the total societal costs of the treatment of the patient s condition. For example, the costs of schizophrenia in Canada are over Can 2.3 billion in direct healthcare costs and an additional Can 2 billion in indirect costs annually (Procyshyn et cd., 2000). The societal cost of the disease is almost as much as the direct cost of treating the disease. 

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