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Starvation

Starvation in fish appears to be characterised by basal levels of protein synthesis and elevated rates of protein degradation. A decline in the rates of protein synthesis with starvation has been described in a number of fish species (Jackim and La Roche 1973 Smith and Haschemeyer 1980 Smith 1981 Haschemeyer 1983 Lied et al. 1983 Pocrnjic et al. 1983 Loughna and Goldspink 1984 Fauconneau et al. 1986 Houlihan et al. 1988b Watt et al. 1988). It has frequently been suggested that the reduction in oxygen consumption which accompanies starvation is partly due to a reduction in protein synthetic rates (Smith and Haschemeyer 1980 Smith 1981 Lied et al. 1982). [Pg.25]

It had been thought that the protein synthetic rates of some tissues (e.g. liver and gill) of fish would be resistant to starvation such tissues have been described as regulatory (Fauconneau 1985). In contrast, red and white muscle respond to starvation by a reduction of the rate of protein synthesis (e.g. Loughna and Goldspink 1984). However, as has been described above, there is now evidence that nutritional levels can control protein synthesis rates not only in muscle but also in the liver and gill. [Pg.25]

The starving salmon is able to control the rates at which different tissues lose mass and this is in turn a reflection of tissue-specific differences in protein turnover. Fractional rates of protein synthesis are elevated after 4 months of starvation in the liver, ovaries, stomach and ventricle (Fig. 17). White muscle and gill showed no change and only the red muscle showed a decrease. Protein degradation rates are in excess of synthesis rates (leading to protein loss) in the gill, ventricle, red muscle, white muscle and stomach whereas in the ovary protein synthesis exceeded degradation. [Pg.26]

Glycogen stores in liver and kidney are exhausted in about 24 hours. After this, the body must find glucose equivalents somewhere. The major metabolic adaptations of starvation are the result of having to maintain glucose levels without any direct source of it (Fig. 17-8). [Pg.217]

Adipose tissue continues to dump free fatty acids into the circulation until its supplies are exhausted. [Pg.217]

which is usually very reliant on glucose for energy, adapts in a few days of starvation to use ketone bodies as a source of energy. This spares the body some glucose, which is still essential to maintain red cell function. [Pg.217]

GLUCONEOGENESIS FATTY ACID OXIDATION PROTEIN DEGRADATION KETONE BODY FORMATION [Pg.218]

GLYCOLYSIS FATTY ACID OXIDATION KETONE BODY USE PROTEIN DEGRADATION [Pg.218]

Glycogen is a minor energy store. The amount stored in the body is sufficient to supply the energy needs of the brain for only 3 days of fasting. Clearly, the energy value of the nutrients in the bloodstream itself is minimal. [Pg.243]

Severe malnutrition is a complex problem. Factors involved include the overall availability of food the availability only of starchy protein-deficient foods and contaminated water supplies, infants and young children are special targets because they are rapidly growing, are unusually susceptible to infections, and may not be able to find food for themselves. [Pg.243]

Severe protein-energy malnutrition often occurs after weaning, the transition frcim nursing to the consumption of foods from other sources (i.e.. Solid foods). The marasmus common in Latin America is caused by early weaning, followed by use of overdiluted commercial milk formulas. Kwashiorkor occurs in Africa, where babies arc fed starchy roots, such as cassava, that arc low in protein. It also occurs in the Caribbean, where babies are fed sugar cane. The major symptom of kwashiorkor is edema, mainly of the feet and legs. Edema is the condition produced when water normally held in the bloodstream by osmotic pressure leaks into (jther extracellular spaces. It can result from reduced osmotic pressure in the bloodstream caused by catabolism and depletion of serum albumin. [Pg.243]

Kwashiorkor is thought to involve confused hormones, An adequate supply of carbohydrates, in the form of starchy roots or sugar cane, can result in maintenance of high levels of plasma insulin, which can prevent the net proteolvsis that otherwise w ould supply the liver and immune system with amino acids. The mechanism by which insulin controls muscle turnover is not well understood however, in marasmus the body s stores of fat and muscle are broken doiwn and mobilized in a more coordinated fashion, resulting in a relatively gradual decline in overall health. [Pg.243]

All proteins in the body, whether occurring in the plasma, as membrane-bound proteins, or inside the various compartments of the cell, are degraded or hydrolyzed. The rate of hydrolysis of any specific protein is characteristic of and unique for that protein. Albumin, transferrin, thyroxine-binding protein,and retinol-bind- [Pg.243]


The lower temperatures and reduced degree of oxygen starvation in LPO (vs VPO) generally reduce carbon monoxide production markedly by promoting reaction 18 and suppressing reaction 21. As a consequence, acids, from further oxidation of aldehydes, are usually the main products. [Pg.342]

Stable operation of LPO reactors thus requires the presence of a mass-transfer rate-limited zone. It is usually desirable to limit this zone to minimize oxygen starvation problems. [Pg.342]

Saccharomyces yeasts are rapid fermentors. S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus produce up to 18—20% ethanol. The cells are ovoid to spherical, eUiptical, or elongated (especially under conditions of nitrogen starvation). Vegetative propagation is by multilateral budding. S. uvarum and S. rosei occur earher in the fermentation, when S. rosei may produce up to 6—8% ethanol before being overgrown by the other Saccharomyces yeasts. S. cerevisiae may produce up to 18-20% ethanol (28). [Pg.392]

Money does not hold the same value for each company or each individual. A dollar may keep a pauper from starvation while being a trivial amount to the person who gave it. Attempts have been made to quantify a company s attitude to money, risk, and uncertainty by asking business executives a number of questions such as the following ... [Pg.828]

Anorexia Anorexia is loss of appetite. You may be familiar with the eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, in which the victim restricts dietary intake to starvation levels. Anorexia may be a symptom of acute or chronic exposure to certain chemicals. If you have suffered an unexplained loss of appetite in conjunction with other unusual symptoms, you may want to explore the MSDSs for chemicals that... [Pg.518]

The high power density and narrow flow channels could cause fuel hot spots and flow starvation. Fuel experts at ORNL and ANL identified five types of defects three fuel IIIhomogeneities and two assembly errors to arrive at 4D, for fuel defects is 2.1 x 10-. / i... [Pg.415]

Qnadroni, M., et al., 1996. Analy.sis of global re.spon.ses by protein and peptide fingerprinting of protein.s i.solated by two-dimensional electrophore-.sis. Application to snlfate-starvation re.sponse of Escherichia coli. European Journal of Biochemistry 239 773-781. This paper de.scribes the n.se of tandem MS in the analysis of protein.s in cell extracts. [Pg.152]

Hunger-stein, m. salt-pan scale (sulfates of calcium and sodium, etc.), -stoffwechsel, m. starvation metabolism. -tod,w. (death from) starvation. [Pg.219]

Verhungerung,/. starvation, verhtmzen, v.t. botch, bungle, verhiiten, v.t. avert, prevent inhibit. — ver-hlitend, p.a. preventive, veibiittbar, a. smeltable. verhiitten, v.t. work, smelt (ores). [Pg.482]

More pumps fail as a direct result of improper installation than any other single factor. The predominant reasons for these failures include starvation, caused by inadequate or inconsistent suction conditions distortion, caused by pipe strain or improper foundation and turbulent that results from piping or entrained gas problems. Centrifugal pump installation must follow Hydraulic Institute Standards, which provide specific guidelines to prevent these installation and performance problems. This chapter will address the fundamental requirements for proper installation. [Pg.520]

Forget about make-up - water starvation means poor performance, vortexing, pump and motor failure. [Pg.535]

Figure 34.14 An attempt to conceal tower and reduce noise, resulting in starvation of air and failure in performance... Figure 34.14 An attempt to conceal tower and reduce noise, resulting in starvation of air and failure in performance...
Probably the most important single property of hydraulic oil is its viscosity. The most suitable viscosity for a hydraulic system is determined by the needs of the pump and the circuit too low a viscosity induces back-leakage and lowers the pumping efficiency while too high a viscosity can cause overheating, pump starvation and possibly cavitation. [Pg.863]

Although the presence of oil in the boiler water, or water starvation may also cause overheating. [Pg.845]

The primary fate of acetyl CoA under normal metabolic conditions is degradation in the citric acid cycle to yield C02. When the body is stressed by prolonged starvation, however, acetyl CoA is converted into compounds called ketone bodies, which can be used by the brain as a temporary fuel. Fill in the missing information indicated by the four question marks in the following biochemical pathway for the synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA ... [Pg.1174]

Thus, in theory at least, there are two substrates for dtric add production glucose and effect of 02 oxygen. The latter has to be supplied at all times because if oxygen supply is starvation interrupted, even for a few minutes, then dtric add production drops dramatically and... [Pg.131]

In fact, significant substrate concentration gradients may exist for cells immobilised in biofilm. Cells located close to the nutrient supply are likely to maintain higher quality and activity compared with cells located relatively further away, leading to differentiation in the quality or activity of the immobilised cell population. This differentiation is more pronounced if there are starvation regions. In practice, zero substrate concentration may exist inside the biofilm, because in these regions the cell physiology may be markedly different from that of the freely suspended cells. [Pg.199]

The first hormonal signal found to comply with the characteristics of both a satiety and an adiposity signal was insulin [1]. Insulin levels reflect substrate (carbohydrate) intake and stores, as they rise with blood glucose levels and fall with starvation. In addition, they may reflect the size of adipose stores, because a fatter person secretes more insulin than a lean individual in response to a given increase of blood glucose. This increased insulin secretion in obesity can be explained by the reduced insulin sensitivity of liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Insulin is known to enter the brain, and direct administration of insulin to the brain reduces food intake. The adipostatic role of insulin is supported by the observation that mutant mice lacking the neuronal insulin receptor (NDRKO mice) develop obesity. [Pg.209]

CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) is a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits both normal and starvation-induced feeding when injected into cerebral ventricles of rats. CART is co-localized with the anorexigenic peptide a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Secretion of CART is stimulated by leptin and CART may be an endogenous inhibitor of food intake. [Pg.328]

Hyperactivity of the orexin system, e.g. triggered by energy depletion, metabolic failure, hypoglycemia or hypoxia, in the context of starvation, sleep derivation, and stress, may predispose to addiction and... [Pg.912]


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Absolute combustion oxygen starvation

Amino acid starvation

Brain fuel requirements during starvation

Brain starvation

Carbohydrate starvation

Carbon and nitrogen starvation

Carbon corrosion local anode hydrogen starvation

Carbon starvation

Chick starvation

Culture starvation conditions

Degradation oxygen starvation

Degradation starvation conditions

Degradation, caused by dynamic operation and starvation conditions

Diabetes starvation

During Starvation

Effects of Feeding and Starvation

Energy metabolism starvation

Fasting and Starvation

Fasting/starvation

Fatty acid during starvation

Fuel metabolism starvation)

Fuel starvation

Fuel starvation polarization

Gluconeogenesis starvation state

H2 Starvation Model

H2 starvation

Hydrogen starvation

Isoleucine starvation

Ketone bodies during starvation

Ketone bodies starvation state

Liver Disease Starvation

Liver Starvation

Local hydrogen starvation

Localized hydrogen starvation

Massive starvation

Metabolism in starvation

Monomer-starvation

Muscle starvation state

Netherlands, starvation

Nitrogen starvation

Nitrogen-starvation promoter

Nutrient starvation

Nutrition Starvation

Obesity starvation

Overall hydrogen starvation

Oxygen starvation

Partial fuel starvation

Phosphate starvation

Phosphate starvation inducible

Phosphate starvation inducible metabolism

Prolonged fasting (starvation)

Prolonged starvation

Protein catabolism during starvation

Protein starvation state

Proton fuel starvation

Pyrimidine starvation

Rainbow trout starvation

Reactant starvation

Response to starvation

Sequence of metabolic changes from intermediate starvation to death

Sites starvation

Starvation blood glucose concentration

Starvation blood glucose levels

Starvation body fuels available during

Starvation early

Starvation early stages

Starvation experiments/studies

Starvation factor

Starvation fuels used

Starvation gluconeogenesis during

Starvation glucose precursors during

Starvation intermediate

Starvation ketone body utilization

Starvation ketosis

Starvation kwashiorkor

Starvation leptin levels

Starvation marasmus

Starvation mechanism

Starvation metabolic changes

Starvation metabolic fuel mobilization

Starvation metabolic signals

Starvation negative protein balance

Starvation phases

Starvation protein degradation during

Starvation protein-energy malnutrition

Starvation steady-state

Starvation, ketone bodies

Starvation, metabolic acidosis

Starvation, metabolic adaptations

Starvation, metabolism

Sucrose starvation

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