Single-factor

In general, an -level factorial design can include single-factor and interaction terms up to the ( - l)th order. 

Caustic Soda to Chlorine Balance. In 1988, the ratio of U.S. caustic soda to chlorine consumption was 0.96 1 (see Fig. 39). Since 1968 this ratio has ranged from alow of 0.88 1 (1978 and 1981) to a high of 0.98 1 (1969). No single factor can explain these variations, since caustic soda and chlorine, with few exceptions, have different markets and are therefore not driven by the same economic forces. This ratio is expected to trend upward over the next five years, however, since caustic soda consumption in the United States is forecasted to grow somewhat faster than chlorine consumption. It is expected that this ratio will remain within the range experienced in 1970—1990. Because caustic soda is co-produced with chlorine at a theoretical ratio of 1.1 1, a U.S. consumption ratio below that level results in excess avaHabihty of caustic soda. This material is typically shipped offshore to fill a significant export demand, and in 1988, for example, net U.S. exports of caustic soda amounted to 7.1% of production. 

Simplified Dimensional Equations Equation (5-32) is a dimensionless equation, and any consistent set of units may be used. Simphfied dimensional equations have been derived for air, water, and organic hquids by rearranging Eq. (5-32) into the following form by collecting the fluid properties into a single factor ... 

Single-factor methods collect the various items of expenditure into one factor, which is usually used to multiply the total cost of delivered equipment X (Ce( )del lo give the fixed-capital cost for plant within the battery limits ... 

Typical values for single factors/for batteiy-limit-plant costs (for a carbon steel plant including auxiliaries but not land) are as follows ... 

The heat-transfer performance capacity of cylinder diyers is not easy to estimate without a knowledge of the sheet tenmerature, which, in turn, is difficult to predict. According to published data, steam temperature is the largest single factor affecting capacity. Overall evaporation rates based on the total surface area of the diyers cover a range of 3.4 to 23 kg water/(h m ) [0.7 to 4.8 lb water/(h fF)]. 

The methodical elaboration is included for estimation of random and systematic errors by using of single factor dispersion analysis. For this aim the set of reference samples is used. X-ray analyses of reference samples are performed with followed calculation of mass parts of components and comparison of results with real chemical compositions. Metrological characteristics of x-ray fluorescence silicate analysis are established both for a-correction method and simplified fundamental parameter method. It is established, that systematic error of simplified FPM is less than a-correction method, if the correction of zero approximation for simplified FPM is used by preliminary established correlation between theoretical and experimental set data. 

The proper compressor selection for the application is probably the most important single factor to achieving long-term reliable operation. For all the factors that make the centrifugal one of the most reliable compressors, a misapplication will negate these most dramatically. 

Deteniiiiiing file fire potential of a fuel is best accomplished fiirough an evaluation of file fuel s flanunability cliaracteristics. No single factor, however, defines a substance s flanunability. When a flanunability comparison is to be made between different substances, file following factors should be considered ... 

The most important single factor in tlie evaporative loss of water is the iiiconiing solar radiation. The vapor pressure (i.e., tlie ma.ximum gaseous... 

The choice of the anion ultimately intended to be an element of the ionic liquid is of particular importance. Perhaps more than any other single factor, it appears that the anion of the ionic liquid exercises a significant degree of control over the molecular solvents (water, ether, etc.) with which the IL will form two-phase systems. Nitrate salts, for example, are typically water-miscible while those of hexaflu-orophosphate are not those of tetrafluoroborate may or may not be, depending on the nature of the cation. Certain anions such as hexafluorophosphate are subject to hydrolysis at higher temperatures, while those such as bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide are not, but are extremely expensive. Additionally, the cation of the salt used to perform any anion metathesis is important. While salts of potassium, sodium, and silver are routinely used for this purpose, the use of ammonium salts in acetone is frequently the most convenient and least expensive approach. 

More pumps fail as a direct result of improper installation than any other single factor. The predominant reasons for these failures include starvation, caused by inadequate or inconsistent suction conditions distortion, caused by pipe strain or improper foundation and turbulent that results from piping or entrained gas problems. Centrifugal pump installation must follow Hydraulic Institute Standards, which provide specific guidelines to prevent these installation and performance problems. This chapter will address the fundamental requirements for proper installation. 

Although the mechanism of corrosion is highly complex the actual control of the majority of corrosion reactions can be effected by the application of relatively simple concepts. Indeed, the Committee on Corrosion and Protection concluded that better dissemination of existing knowledge was the most important single factor that would be instrumental in decreasing the enormous cost of corrosion in the U.K. 

The conductivity of plastics is dependent on a number of variables and cannot be reported as a single factor. It depends mainly on temperature and molecular orientation. Its dependence can be ascertained. However, the molecular orientation may vary within a product, resulting in a variation in thermal conductivity. It is important for the designer to recognize such a situation. 

No single factor can be identified as determining the outcome of radical addition. Nonetheless, there is a requirement for a set of simple guidelines to allow qualitative prediction. This need was recognized by Tedder and Walton,2 17 Beckwith ei ah, Giese. and, most recently, Fischer and Radom.4 With the current state of knowledge, any such rules must be partly empirical and, therefore, it is to be expected that they may have to be revised from time to time as more results become available and further theoretical studies are carried out. 1 lowever, this does not diminish their usefulness. 

The mechanisms involved with the ventilatory response to exercise remain quite unclear. No single factor, or combination of factors, can fully account for the increase in ventilation during exercise. Therefore, much of this response remains unexplained. Factors that appear to play a role include ... 

Figure 13.4 illustrates some of the factors known to be involved in the development of AD many of the known and putative links between factors are also shown. It should also be noted that the patterns of inter-factor modulation may be either positive or negative. However, it is clear that no single factor or combination of factors can explain all AD cases. It is best to conceptually model AD as a broad end point that can be reached in numerous ways. Similar multi-factorial models have been proposed for schizophrenia and depression (Chapters 11 and 12) and almost certainly underlie every other complex psychobiological concept. 

All biological functions in an organism are interdependent and internally regulated and since their occurrence is context-dependent, they cannot be understood in isolation. Functional explanations are therefore more appropriate for understanding complex systems exhibiting many coupled interactions than are causal explanations which focus on a single factor. 

The overall yield coefficient (Yov) must be lower than that of the single factors. Since poly(3HB) is the target product it is reasonable to assume that the poly(3HB) content has a strong influence on the final yield. This is true, as the figures calculated show (Table 4). The overall yield varies not just with the poly(3HB) content p (in g poly(3HB) per g biomass), but also with the yield coefficients of the poly(3HB)-free biomass (Yx0> and poly(3HB) synthesis (YP). It can be calculated according to the following equation ... 

In the discussion group, it was conjectured that a single factor would split the difference the factor would take on some character of both absorbance bands, and would adjust itself to give less error than the non-linear band alone, but still not be as good as using the linear band. 

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