Back leakage

Probably the most important single property of hydraulic oil is its viscosity. The most suitable viscosity for a hydraulic system is determined by the needs of the pump and the circuit too low a viscosity induces back-leakage and lowers the pumping efficiency while too high a viscosity can cause overheating, pump starvation and possibly cavitation. 

The removal efficiency was quite good. The first gases tested had about f% H2S in a H2/N2 carrier over 98% was removed as shown in Fig. 25. The dashed lines in this figure are calculated, incorporating the effect of back-leakage through cracks in these first crude membranes. 

Fig. 25. H2S removal efficiency from inert gas as a function of current density. Dashed lines are adjusted for back-leakage of H2S from anode to cathode.

The actual work of compression is greater than the theoretical work because of clearance gases, back leakage and friction. 

Dog, rats Mercuric chloride 1-3 mg/kg Increased preglomerular resistance Back leakage of filtrate S3 segment of proximal tubule [199,200]... 

Mitochondria, as well as SR, release Ca + ions by mechanisms other than back leakage through the pumps. In mitochondria from excitable cells, the efflux occurs mainly through an antiport, where 2 Na+ ions are transported inward for every Ca ion departing for the cytosolic compartment. In other cells there is evidence for the dominance of a 2H" antiport.In all... 

Vm acting across the membrane, with the outside of the cell at the more positive potential. It should be noted that Eq. (1) does not take account of the loss of free energy due to leakages of ions back across the membrane. In excitable tissues such as nerves, electrical impulses are produced as a result of the sudden increase in back-leakage of sodium and potassium ions, which causes a transient collapse of the transmembrane potential gradient. Some of the physical aspects associated with the membrane potential and associated diffuse electrical double layer, together with the active and passive transport of ions, will be discussed in this article. 

A further factor that amplifies back leakage when the screw axis is inclined, is wall slip of parts of the bed of material occupying the tip clearance layer. The... 

This implies that for equal viscosities at small and large scale the die pressure must remain the same in the different machines while the back leakage increases with the screw diameter cube. 

The level of fill is limited by the in-feed conditions and back-leakage, so rarely exceeds 25% of the swept volume of a pitch space. 

---