Carbon monoxide as reducing

Carbinolamines, 87 Carbodiimides, 205-222 reaction with alcohols, 170 Carbon monoxide, as reducing agent, 336 a-Carbonyl azo compounds, 324, 326 Caro s add (permonosulfuric add), 408 oxidation with, 409 preparation of, 409 Chloramine T, 377 Chloroacetylenes 120-122 4-Chloro-l, 2-butadiene, 33 Chlorocyclohexenyl acetylene, 121 1 -Chloro-2-JV,N-diphenylaminoacetylene, 128-129... 

The thermochemical liquefaction of wood in water to produce fuel or chemical intermediates has been studied intensively over the last decade ( l). The earlier works used either sodium carbonate as soluble catalyst and carbon monoxide as reducing gas ( ) ( ), or nickel catalyst ( U) or palladium on activated charcoal ( 5) in the presence of hydrogen. Then it has been shown that the presence of a reducing gas was not necessary if iron powder was used as additive, with moderate heating rates ( ). When the wood suspended in water was rapidly heated to 350°C, and then quenched, no catalyst was necessary and a yield in acetone solubles as high as 50 wt was obtained (T ) ( ). 

Wu JB, Gross A, Yang H (2011) Shape and composition-controlled platinum alloy nanoctys-tals using carbon monoxide as reducing agent. Ntmo Lett 11 798-802... 

Some lead oxide is reduced by carbon or carbon monoxide, as shown. 

Natural gas will continue to be substituted for oil and coal as primary energy source in order to reduce emissions of noxious combustion products particulates (soot), unburned hydrocarbons, dioxins, sulfur and nitrogen oxides (sources of acid rain and snow), and toxic carbon monoxide, as well as carbon dioxide, which is believed to be the chief greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Policy implemented to curtail carbon emissions based on the perceived threat could dramatically accelerate the switch to natural gas. 

Chemisorption measurements (Quantachrome Instruments, ChemBET 3000) were conducted in order to determine the metal (Co) dispersion. Therefore, the nanomaterial catalysts were reduced under a hydrogen flow (10% H2 in Ar) at 633 K for 3 h. The samples were then flushed with helium for another hour at the same temperature in order to remove the weakly adsorbed hydrogen. Chemisorption was carried out by applying a pulse-titration method with carbon monoxide as adsorbing agent at 77 K. The calculation of the dispersion is based on a molar adsorption stoichiometry of CO to Co of 1. 

The simple procedure for the carbonylation of allyl halides has been extended in the high yielding solid-liquid two-phase conversion of allyl phosphates into amides (60-80%) under the influence of a rhodium carbonyl cluster in the presence of primary or secondary amines (Scheme 8.8). A secondary product of the reaction is the allylamine, the concentration of which increases as the pressure of the carbon monoxide is reduced, such that it is the sole product (ca. 80%) in the absence of carbon monoxide [28],... 

Indole derivatives might also be prepared by the palladium catalysed reductive heteroannulation of o-nitrostyrene derivatives. The bicyclic olefin, shown in 3.75. was converted to the indole derivative in good yield.94 The reaction, which was run under forcing conditions utilises carbon monoxide as the reducing agent. 

Here we consider carbon monoxide as a chemical reducing agent, with the oxidation product being C02 in all cases. Carbon monoxide may act as a reductant in three different ways (1) as a direct oxygen atom acceptor (2) as a two-electron reductant with water as the source of oxygen and (3) as an indirect reductant in which the reducing power of CO is used to make H2 which then carries out the desired reduction. The three ways are shown schematically as (24)-(26) (in (24) [O] represents an oxide source). Equation... 

This indicates that the amount of carbon dioxide formed by this experiment coincided with the amounts of both carbon monoxide and nitric oxide consumed. Thus the use of carbon monoxide reduced the consumption of carbon to approximately zero and the char provided catalytic surfaces for nitric oxide reduction by carbon monoxide as ... 

One objection to my 1984 essay was that I had not properly considered the combined effects of carbon monoxide and reduced oxygen. If one determines an effective carbon monoxide level, as explained in this text, one will see that there is no significant increase in toxicity for half-hour exposures due to reduced oxygen until one gets the engine running under heavy loads which is exactly what I claimed in 1984. 

Carbon monoxide/water reduces Pt02 to nanoparticles based on the water gas shift reaction providing electrons as is seen from equation (3). ... 

The catalyst is generated under reaction conditions from nickel(II) salts. The mechanism of this process has not been fully established It has been suggested that Ni(CO)4 which is formed in situ using one molecule of carbon monoxide as a reducing equivalent according to eq. (3) is protonated according to eq. (4), [12] yielding the active catalyst. 

The answer is c. (Murray, pp 123-148. Scriver, pp 2367-2424. Sack, pp 159-175. Wilson, pp 287-317.) The electron transport chain shown contains three proton pumps linked by two mobile electron carriers. At each of these three sites (NADH-Q reductase, cytochrome reductase, and cytochrome oxidase) the transfer of electrons down the chain powers the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The blockage of electron transfers by specific point inhibitors leads to a buildup of highly reduced carriers behind the block because of the inability to transfer electrons across the block. In the scheme shown, rotenone blocks step A, antimycin A blocks step B, and carbon monoxide (as well as cyanide and azide) blocks step E. Therefore a carbon monoxide inhibition leads to a highly reduced state of all of the carriers of the chain. Puromycin and chloramphenicol are inhibitors of protein synthesis and have no direct effect upon the electron transport chain. 

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