Cow s milk formula

Cow s milk contains about 4.8% lactose, whereas human milk contains 7% (Fomon 1974). Lactose is used in the preparation of modified cow s milk formulas for infant feeding to duplicate as closely as possible the lactose content of human milk. Although a specific need for... 

CDDs have been found in infant formulas purchased in the United States (Schecter et al. 1989c). The infant formulas were derived from cow s milk or soybeans. In general, both types of infant formula had very low concentrations of CDDs. 2,3,7,8-TCDD and PeCDD were not detected in cow s milk or soybean formula at detection limits ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 ppt. HxCDD was not detected in soybean formula at the same detection limits. Whole and lowfat (2% fat) cow s milk contained total HxCDD at lipid-adjusted concentrations of 3.6 and 3.3 ppt, respectively. Lipid-adjusted levels of HpCDD were found in whole cow s milk formula (6.5 ppt), lowfat (2%) cow s milk formula (8 ppt), and soybean formula (2.3-3.0 ppt). OCDD was the most abundant congener in both cow s milk and soybean formula. Concentrations of OCDD (lipid-adjusted) were as follows cow s milk formula (15 ppt), low fat (2%) cow s milk formula (21 ppt), and soybean formula (21-36 ppt) (Schecter et al. 1989c). 

Von Berg, A., Koletzko, S., Grubl, A., et al. (2003). The effect of hydrolyzed cow s milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life The German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial.. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Ill, 533-534. 

K. Domer, K. Schneider, E. Sievers, G. Schulz-Lell, H.-D. Oldings, Selenium balances in young infants fed on breast milk and adapted cow s milk formula, J. Trace Elem. Electrol. Health Dis., 4 (1990), 37-40. 

Using our suckling rat pup model, we have found that the retention of Mn was 82% from human milk (Table 1) 89% from cow s milk 77% from cow s milk formula and 64% from soy formula (12). Taking into account the varying levels of Mn of these diets, the amount of Mn retained per dose given was 4, 18, 19 and 97 ng, respectively, for the four different diets. If these values are... 

Recent studies have demonstrated that iron is better absorbed from human milk than from either cow s milk or formula. Furthermore, that human milk can provide sufficient iron for infants during their first year of life (10,13,17.28). Breast milk and cow s milk are equally poor in iron, containing an average of almost 1 mg/liter. Saarinen s (10) study demonstrated that infants breast fed throughout the first six to seven months of life attained greater iron stores than infants fed a cow s milk formula. The percent absorption of breast milk, cow s milk and formula is given in Table III. 

Reference Breast Milk % Absorption Cow s Milk Formula iron... 

Stage of Lactation Breast Milk Cow s Milk Formula Formula Iron... 

The iron fortified formula supplied the greatest available iron to the infant. Interestingly, the total quantity of iron absorbed per day for breast milk decreased from first to third month, while cow s milk, formula and formula + iron increased in absorption. This was caused because the iron concentration of breast milk decreases with stage of lactation. The cow s milk and formula are constant. Their increase in absorbed iron is due to the increase in volume of milk consumed by the infant. 

One study showed that, in full-term infants, manganese is absorbed from breast milk and cow s milk formulas that were either unsupplemented or supplemented with iron, copper, zinc, and iodine (Domer et al. 1989). Manganese intake was greater in the formula-fed infants than in the breast-fed infants due to the higher manganese content of the formula. However, breast-fed infants retained more of their daily intake of... 

Dorner K, Dziadzka S, Hohn A, et al. 1989. Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow s milk formulas. Br J Nutr 61 559-572. 

Manz F, Wiese B, Dickmann L, Kalhoee H and Anke M (1993) Iodine balance in preterm infants fed a cow s milk formula. In Anke M, Meissner D and Mills CF eds. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 8, pp. 1040-1043. Verlag Media Tou-ristik Gersdorf Germany. 

Clinical manifestations of vitamin E deficiency may be seen in premature infants fed on formnlas high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (H7). In a group of 6 infants on a nonfat powdered cow s milk formula with added cottonseed oil plasma vitamin E levels decreased from 0.22 0.04 (SE) mg/100 ml at birth to 0.08 0.03 mg/100 ml at 4 weeks. Inversely, the in vitro erythrocyte sensitivity to peroxide hemolysis increased from 18 4 (SE)% at birth to 77 14 (SE)% at 4 to 5 weeks after birth. In general, the clinical symptoms were mild, consisting of edema and skin lesions which appeared at about 4 weeks of age. 

The upper level of manganese that should be present in infant formula is uncertain, with Hambidge and Krebs [36] proposing an upper limit of 50 p,g/100 kcal (approximately 200 xg/liter) based on toxicity levels however, cow s milk formulas typically contain much more manganese (80-100 xg/liter) than breast milk (6 p.g/liter), and manganese uptake is much greater from the formula [37]. Conclusions here are bedeviled by the fact that the various milks differ not only in... 

Stintzing, G., and Zetterstrom, R., 1979, Cow s milk allergy Incidence and pathogenic role of early exposure to cow s milk formula, Acta Paed. Scand. 68 383. 

A breast-fed infant receives about 60 mg of calcium per kilogram of body weight (300 mg/liter of milk) and retains about two-thirds of this. By contrast, an infant fed a standard cow s milk formula containing added carbohydrate (500 to 700 mg of calcium per liter) receives about 170 mg of calcium per kilogram but retains 25 to 30%. Although the breast-fed infant has less calcium available, its calcium needs are fully met. Thus, the NRC recommended allowance for Infants to 5 months is set at 400 mg per day. 

Since human milk has unique properties not found in other milks, it is the best initial food for infants. The use of breast milk will reduce the possibility of allergic reactions to protein or other components of cow s milk formulas. In addition, breast milk contains a smaller amount of casein, and therefore forms smaller and softer curds in the stomach. This makes it easier to digest by the infant whose digestive processes are not fully developed. 

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