Sucrose starvation

As indicated in Table 2.1, most of the promoters used in plant tissue culture have been based on the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. In contrast, inducible promoters have the advantage of allowing foreign proteins to be expressed at a time that is most conducive to protein accumulation and stability. Although a considerable number of inducible promoters has been developed and used in plant culture applications, e.g. [32-37], the only one to be applied thus far for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins is the rice a-amylase promoter. This promoter controls the production of an a-amylase isozyme that is one of the most abundant proteins secreted from cultured rice cells after sucrose starvation. The rice a-amylase promoter has been used for expression of hGM-CSF [10], aranti-trypsin [12, 29, 38, 39] and human lysozyme [30]. 

FORMATION OF AUTOPHAGIC VACUOLES AND ACCUMULATION OF DEACYLATION PRODUCTS OF MEMBRANE POLAR LIPIDS DURING THE COURSE OF SUCROSE STARVATION IN HIGHER PLANT CELLS... 

Figure 2 Effect of sucrose starvation of sycamore cells on intracellular cardiolipin ( ) and cytochrome aa (O) contents. Cells harvested from the culture medium were rinsed three times by successive resuspensions in fresh culture medium devoid of sucrose and incubated at zero time (20 mg wet weight / ml) into flasks containing sucrose-free culture medium. At each time, cells were harvested and cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) and cytochrome aa contents were measured.

Formation of autophagic vacuoles during the course of sucrose starvation... 

The brush border enzymes with disaccharidase and ohgosaccharidase activity are listed in Table 48-1. The sucrase-isomaltase complex comprises most of the sucrase, isomaltase, and maltase (80%) activity of the small intestine. It hydrolyzes sucrose to its constituent monosaccharides, cleaves glucose from a-limit dextrins with 1,6 bonds, and hydrolyzes maltose. The activity of the complex is fourfold to fivefold greater in the jejunum than in the ileum. Changes in diet have a marked effect on the expression of the complex starvation leads to a rapid decline in activity, which is rapidly restored on refeeding. AH small intestinal saccha-ridases may decrease with infection or inflammation of the small bowel to the extent that carbohydrate malabsorption... 

Luminol, lucigenin and MCLA were commercially obtained and L012 was from Takeda Chem. Ind. (Osaka, Japan). Male Wistar rats, 10-weeks-old were supplied from SLC (Shizuoka, Japan), housed under conventional conditions at 24 2 "C, and fed ad libitum. One group was subjected to starvation. Mitochondria were isolated from rat liver according to the method of Hogeboom using a medium containing 0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and 0.1 mM EDTA. EDTA was omitted in the final wash and the mitochondrial samples were suspended in... 

Figure. 1. Nature of glandular trichome-mediated aphid resistance in 5. berthaultiL Key (1) Carboxylic acid sucrose esters (CASE), (2) Viscous type B trichome exudate, (3) Increased aphid movement and attempts to escape, (4) Adhesive aphid tarsi, (5) Enhanced rupture of type A trichome membrane , (6) Polyphenoloxidase + 02 + substrate, (7) Aphid alarm pheromone, E-(B)=famesene, (8) Encasement of tarsi by trichome exudate, (9) Greater effective tarsal size, (10) Decreased aphid mobility, (11) Occlusion of mouthparts by trichome exudate, (12) Starvation and death. Adapted from (38).

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