Muscles white

American eel, Anguilla rostrata, muscle Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, whole Catfish, Ictalurus sp., muscle White perch. Morons americana, muscle vs. whole body... 

Gross necropsy lesions of a selenium deficiency are identical to those of a vitamin E deficiency (NRC, 1994) and include exudative diathesis and myopathy of the gizzard. Paleness and dystrophy of the skeletal muscles (white muscle disease) are also common. The incidence and degree of selenium deficiency may be increased by environmental stress. Selenium is generally included in trace mineral premixes. Common sources for supplementation of poultry diets are sodium selenite and sodium selenate. Selenium yeast is also used in conventional diets. 

The starving salmon is able to control the rates at which different tissues lose mass and this is in turn a reflection of tissue-specific differences in protein turnover. Fractional rates of protein synthesis are elevated after 4 months of starvation in the liver, ovaries, stomach and ventricle (Fig. 17). White muscle and gill showed no change and only the red muscle showed a decrease. Protein degradation rates are in excess of synthesis rates (leading to protein loss) in the gill, ventricle, red muscle, white muscle and stomach whereas in the ovary protein synthesis exceeded degradation. 

Figure 2 r2-weighted MR image (spin-echo pulse sequence at Bq = 9.4 T, TR = 2000 ms, TE = 48 ms) of a mouse head showing contrast between tissues (red arrow muscle, white arrow brain) and cerebrospinal fluid (yellow arrow) subcutaneous fat is pointed by a blue arrow... 

Fig. 5.1.2. a Overview of the left ventricle with RF-caused thermal lesion (white arrows), b Cut-through myocardium of the left ventricle along the electrode track macroscopi-cally showing the thermal injury to the heart muscle (white arrows)... 

The content of individual dipeptides, of course, varies in different muscles and depends on many factors, such as age of the animal and type of processing. Breast muscles of poultry, for example, contain about 5-10 times higher amounts of carnosine and five times higher amounts of anserine than leg muscles (white breast muscles are involved in intense anaerobic metabolism and therefore require a higher buffering capacity). 

Fig. 4.31a-d. Venous valves. a,c Schematic drawings and correlative b,d long-axis 12-5 MHz US images over a peripheral vein illustrate the hemodynamic effects of a valve on venous blood flow. a,b During contraction of calf muscles (white arrows), the cusps (arrowheads) of the valve open, allowing blood (blue arrows) to flow toward the heart. c,d Once the muscle action has ceased, flow tends to reverse, closing the cusps of the valve. Closure of the valve impedes blood to direct it backward... 

C14H30CI2N2O4. White powder prepared from dimethylaminoethanol and succinyl chloride, followed by methylation. Neuromuscular blocking agent used to relax skeletal muscles during certain types of surgical operation. 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

Tissue expression Mainly white and brown adipose tissue weak expression in liver, muscle, gut, macrophages, pancreatic (3-cells and haemopoietic tissues... 

Tissue-Specific Expression. In the adult rodent, PPARy is expressed in brown and white adipose tissue, and at lower levels in intestine, retina, skeletal muscle, and lymphoid organs. In human, PPARy is most abundantly expressed in white adipose tissue and at lower levels in skeletal muscle, the heart, and liver, but not in lymphoid tissues, although PPARy has been identified in macrophages in human atheromas. 

Histamine is a substance present in various tissues of die body, such as die heart, lungs, gastric mucosa, and skin (Pig. 36-1). The highest concentration of histamine is found in die basophil (a type of white blood cell) and mast cells diat are found near capillaries. Histamine is produced in response to injury. It acts on areas such as die vascular system and smooth muscle, producing dilatation of arterioles and an increased permeability of capillaries and venules. Dilatation of die arterioles results in localized redness. An increase in die permeability of... 

This is true of skeletal muscle, particularly the white fibers, where the rate of work output—and therefore the need for ATP formation—may exceed the rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized. Glycolysis in erythrocytes, even under aerobic conditions, always terminates in lactate, because the subsequent reactions of pymvate are mitochondrial, and erythrocytes lack mitochondria. Other tissues that normally derive much of their energy from glycolysis and produce lactate include brain, gastrointestinal tract, renal medulla, retina, and skin. The liver, kidneys, and heart usually take up... 

SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTAINS SLOW (RED) FAST (WHITE) TWITCH FIBERS... 

Two major types of muscle fibers are found in humans white (anaerobic) and red (aerobic). The former are particularly used in sprints and the latter in prolonged aerobic exercise. During a sprint, muscle uses creatine phosphate and glycolysis as energy sources in the marathon, oxidation of fatty acids is of major importance during the later phases. Nonmuscle cells perform various types of mechanical work carried out by the structures constituting the cytoskeleton. These strucmres include actin filaments (microfilaments), micrombules (composed primarily of a- mbulin and p-mbulin), and intermediate filaments. The latter include keratins, vimentin-like proteins, neurofilaments, and lamins. 

Section VI consists of discussions of eleven special topics nutrition, digestion, and absorption vitamins and minerals intracellular traffic and sorting of proteins glycoproteins the extracellular matrix muscle and the cy-toskeleton plasma proteins and immunoglobulins hemostasis and thrombosis red and white blood cells the metabolism of xenobiotics and the Human Genome Project. 

The myoflbers of muscle are not homogenous but can be categorized into red and white on the basis of ATPase activity ( ). Not only the functional properties but also the composition of the two fiber types varies widely. Red fibers, for example, have considerably more myoglobin and lipid than do white type fibers. 

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