Staphylococcus aureus infection treatment

Hetcher C 1984 First clinical use of penicillin. British Medical Journal 289 1721-1723 (a classic paper) Lowy F D1998 Staphylococcus aureus infections. New England Journal of Medicine 339 520-532 Kwiatkowski D 2000 Susceptibility to infection. British Medical Journal 321 1061-1065 Leibovici L, Shraga B, Andreassen S et al 1999 How do you choose antibiotic treatment British Medical Journal 318 1614-1616... 

Moise PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. The efficacy and safety of hnezohd as treatment for Staphylococcus aureus infections in compassionate use patients who are intolerant of, or who have failed to respond to, vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 50(6) 1017-26. 

Stevens DL, Herr D, Lampiris H, et al, and the Linezolid MRSA Study 44. Group. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Infect Dis 2002 34 45. 

Kowalski, T. J., Berbari, E. F., and Osmon, D. R. (2005) Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of community-acquired methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Mayo Clin. Proc. 80, 1201-1208. 

Wound infection After surgery for a broken leg, the patient developed a Staphylococcus aureus infection and was readmitted for additional surgery and treatment... 

Standard drug for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections available for oral and injectables. 

Prcxluced by Pseudomotuu /luorescens Smith-Kline Beecham product, Bactroban Nasal, was approved in 1996 as a topical ointment for treatment of nasal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. 

The alkaloidal antibiotic, U-47,929 (also known as ficellomycin, 15), was isolated from Streptomyces ficellus [41]. Interestingly, it inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and is effective in the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice [42]. Structural elucidation of (15) [43] was eventually achieved by a combination of NMR, mass spectrometry, and formation of derivatives. The l-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety in (15) represents an unusual ring system making ficellomycin a unique natural product [43]. 

Fu J, Ye X, Chen C, Chen S. The efficacy and safety of linezolid and glycopeptides in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. PLoS One 2013 8(3) e58240. 

Markowitz N, Quinn EL, Saravolatz L. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Ann Intern Med 1992 117 390-398. 

Liu, C., et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52(3), el8-55 (2011) (ciql46)... 

The sulfonamides are often used to control urinary tract infections caused by certain bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella-Enterobacter. Mafenide (Sulfamylon) and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) are topical sulfonamides used in the treatment of second- and third-degree bums. Additional uses of the sulfonamides are given in the Summary Drug Table The Sulfonamides. 

If conventional treatment fails, unresolved diaper rash can also lead to secondary bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci are the most likely pathogens responsible for these infections and require treatment with systemic antibiotics.3 37 While topical protectants may be used as an adjunct in treatment, suspected bacterial infections should always be referred to a physician for accurate diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate antibacterial regimen.34 Figure 62-7 shows a useful algorithm for the effective treatment of diaper dermatitis. 

O Impetigo is a skin infection that most commonly afflicts young children. It is caused by group A streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus and is characterized by the development of numerous blisters that rupture and form crusts. Dicloxacillin, cephalexin, and topical mupirocin are considered the antibiotics of choice for treatment of impetigo. 

O Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that is associated with high morbidity and increased health care costs. The inflammatory response associated with acute osteomyelitis can lead to bone necrosis and subsequently chronic infections. Bacterial pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, are the most common microorganisms implicated in these infections. Diagnosis and treatment are often difficult due to the heterogeneous... 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

Widmer AF. (2008) Ceftobiprole A new option for treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Clin Infect Dis 46 656-658. 

Scheinfeld N. (2007) A comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and enterococcus. J Drugs Dermatol 6 97-103. 

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) For the treatment of UTIs when caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and certain susceptible strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species. 

In mice infections with pneumococci were influenced very satisfactorily by aristolochic acid I. Rats with wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus were treated intraperitoneally or orally with aristolochic acid I compared to controls, the treated animals recovered much faster. Rabbits after intravenous application of aristolochic acid I showed an increased antibactericial action of serum (97). Mice infected with bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Diphococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes could be protected by treatment with 50 xg/kg ip of aristolochic acid I (97). 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

These antibiotics are considered as a choice of last resort where every other antibiotic therapy has failed. The first and only commercially available oxazolidinone antibiotic is linezolid which was introduced in 2002. Its mechanism of action is inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It is available for intravenous administration and also has the advantage of having excellent oral bioavailability. Linezolid is used for the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria including streptococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRS A). 

Vancomycin and teicoplanin display excellent activity against staphylococci and streptococci, but because of the wide availability of equally effective and less toxic drugs, they are second-line drugs in the treatment of most infections. As antistaphylococcal agents they are less effective than 3-lactam cephalosporin antibiotics, such as nafciUin and cefazoUn. They have attained much wider use in recent years as a consequence of the emergence of methicUlin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections, in particular the growing importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections associated with the use of intravascular catheters and in patients with peritonitis who are on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 

S. A. Roberts, J. Robson, K. Read, N. Bak, J. Hurley, P.D.R. Johnson, A.J. Morris, B.C. Mayall, and M.L. Grayson (2004). Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38 521-528. 

A combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective treatment for a wide variety of infections including P jiroveci pneumonia, shigellosis, systemic salmonella infections, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and some nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. It is active against most Staphylococcus aureus strains, both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant, and against respiratory tract pathogens such as the pneumococcus, Haemophilus sp, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (but not Mycoplasma pneumoniae). However, the increasing prevalence of strains of E coli (up to 30% or more) and pneumococci that are resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole must be considered before using this combination for empirical therapy of upper urinary tract infections or pneumonia. 

They have been used prophylactically and therapeutically in the treatment of topical infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria and fungi. In clinical trials, the nickel chelate of 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-l,10-phenanthroline was effective against staphylococcal infection in the newborn, in patients undergoing obstetric surgery and in the treatment of adolescents infected with acne vulgaris139). 

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