Hospitals common

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Device or medical/surgical supply, including health information technology (HIT). In Hospital common formats—version 1.2 event descriptions, sample reports, and forms. 2013. 

Clinicians must deal with more than 10,000 prescription medications. One-third of adults in the United States take five or more medications. Patients admitted to a hospital commonly receive new medications or incur changes to their existing medications. Hospital-based clinicians also may not access a patient s complete medication list or remain unaware of recent medication changes. As a result, the new medication regimen prescribed at the time of discharge may inadvertently omit needed... 

Beriberi, Thiamine Deficiency. The recognition of vitamins and their importance to the health of human beings came about when Eijkman, a Dutch pathologist, was sent to Java in an attempt to cure an epidemic of beriberi that had appeared in one of the hospitals. Eijkman kept a flock of chickens on the hospital grounds to assist in discovering the disease agent he assumed was involved in the etiology of beriberi. These chickens were fed the scraps from the plates of the hospital patients—primarily poHshed rice, the common food in that part of the world (11). 

Clinically, GM-CSF or G-CSF have been used to accelerate recovery after chemotherapy and total body or extended field irradiation, situations that cause neutropenia and decreased platelets, and possibly lead to fatal septic infection or diffuse hemorrhage, respectively. G-CSF and GM-CSF reproducibly decrease the period of granulocytopenia, the number of infectious episodes, and the length of hospitalization in such patients (152), although it is not clear that dose escalation of the cytotoxic agent and increased cure rate can be rehably achieved. One aspect of the effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF is that these agents can activate mature cells to function more efficiently. This may, however, also lead to the production of cytokines, such as TNF- a, that have some toxic side effects. In general, both cytokines are reasonably well tolerated. The side effect profile of G-CSF is more favorable than that of GM-CSF. Medullary bone pain is the only common toxicity. 

For very many years it has been common practice to improve the electrical conductivity of plastics and rubbers by the incorporation of certain additives like special grades of carbon black. Such materials were important, for example, in hospital operating theatres where it was essential that static charges did not build up, leading to explosions involving anaesthetics. 

The sources for this type of control are infectious hospital or clinic patients, w here the infection can be transmitted through the airborne route. The most common application is for control of the spread of tuberculosis, but it could be used for other airborne infections such as varicella or influenza. -... 

Urinary lithiasis is a disease in which calculi form in the kidney and urinary tract. Roughly 5 % of the human population suffers to some degree from urinary lithiasis. A number of severely afflicted patients (e.g. ca. 60,000 in West Germany and more than 100,000 in the U.S.) are hospitalized yearly for major surgical treatment. Obviously, nephrolithiasis is not only a common ailment but also an issue of great social and economic consequence. 

There are three systems of measurement of drug dosages die metric system, the apothecaries system, and household measurements. The metric system is die most commonly used system of measurement in medicine A physician may prescribe a drug dosage in die apotiiecaries system, but for die most part this ancient system of measurements is only occasionally used. The household system is rarely used in a hospital setting but may be used to measure drug dosses in the home... 

The expected outcomes for the patient may include an optimal response to therapy, management of common adverse reactions, an absence of diarrhea, maintenance of an adequate intake of fluids, maintenance of adequate nutrition, an understanding of the therapeutic regimen (hospitalized patients), and an understanding of and compliance with the prescribed therapeutic regimen (outpatients). 

At present in the United States, methadone is the most commonly used drug to treat withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification can be accomplished over a period as long as 6 months in an ambulatory methadone maintenance program or as brief as several days in a hospital setting. The goal in brief detoxification is to make the experience less distressing, but the suppression of all with-... 

It would be diflBcult to estimate the quantity of TGDD which enters the environment each year. In addition to the common pesticides listed in Table I, other chlorophenols nd their derivatives are used widely. For example, large amounts of the disinfectant, hexachlorophene (2,2 -methylenebis(3,4,6-trichlorophenol)), are used in homes, hospitals, and industry, and the Dowcides 2 and B (2,4,5-trichlorophenol and its sodium salt) are industrial microbiocides. More than 50,000,000 lbs of trichloro-phenol are made in the United States each year (24), and much of it eventually must be dispersed in the environment. The dioxin content seems to be variable but is generally below 0.5 ppm (25). 

One laboratory operator installed faucets with long handles for easy control, the type commonly seen in hospitals. These proved very popular with the staff. 

BJaauw PJ, Smithuis LOM The evaluation of the common diagnostic methods of hypersensitivity for bee and yellow jacket venom by means of an in-hospital insect sting. J Allergy Chn Immunol 1985 75 556-562. 

The first mood stabilizer was lithium (its antimanic action being discovered in 1948) more recently the anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine and valproate have been found to be effective in acute mania. Unfortunately these mood stabilizers are only successful in controlling mania to a limited extent and few patients are well enough to leave hospital at the end of 3 weeks of treatment using these drugs as monotherapy. It is increasingly common for combination treatment to be advocated, in which an antipsychotic dmg is combined with lithium or an anticonvulsant. 

Many enzyme activities have been proposed for diagnosis, in serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids, and the proposed methods have been reviewed elsewhere (17). Here we will confine ourselves to the tried and most commonly used enzyme activities which yield useful information in ambulatory or hospital patients. 

Another common practice in hospitals is the repackaging of products purchased in bulk into smaller containers. Increased handling ofthe product inevitably increases the risk of contamination, as shown by one survey when hospital-repacked items were found to be contaminated twice as often as those in the original pack (Public Health Laboratory Service Report 1971). 

A common practice in hospitals is to add drugs to infusions immediately prior to, or during, administration The most common additives are potassium chloride, hgnoeaine, heparin, certain vitamins and antibiotics. 

The most common reason for lack of rt-PA use in otherwise eligible patients remains, however, delay in presentation to the hospital. The California Acute Stroke Pilot Registry (CASPR) investigators examined the effect of various hypothetical interventions on the rate of rt-PA use. Their data suggested that if all patients with a known time of onset presented to medical attention immediately, the expected overall rate of thrombolytic treatment within 3 hours would have increased from 4.3% to 28.6%. By comparison, the expected rate of treatment that would result from instantaneous prehospital response was 5.5%, from perfect hospital care was 11.5%, and from extension of time window to 6 hours was 8.3%. 

Lindsberg and Mattle ° recently analyzed published case series reporting on the outcome of basilar artery occlusion (BAO) after lAT or IV thrombolysis. In 420 BAO patients treated with IV thrombolysis (76) and lAT (344), death or dependency was equally common 78% (59 of 76) and 76% (260 of 344). Recanalization was achieved more frequently with lAT (225 of 344 65%) than with IV thrombolysis (40 of 76 53% p = 0.05), but survival rates after IV thrombolysis (38 of 76 50%) and lAT (154 of 344 45%) were equal (p = 0.48). A total of 24% of patients treated with lAT and 22% treated with IV thrombolysis reached good outcomes (p = 0.82). Without recanalization, the likelihood of achieving a good outcome was close to nil (2%). The authors conclude that recanalization occurs in more than half of BAO patients treated with lAT or IV thrombolysis, and 45-55% of survivors regain functional independence. They advised that hospitals not equipped for lAT should consider setting up IV thrombolysis protocols for BAO since the effect of IVT did not appear to be much different from the effect of lAT. 

Brain-injured patients commonly experience fever, and hyperthermia may correlate with poor outcome in these patients, although a direct causative link has yet to be established. The impact of fever on patients in a neurocritical care unit has been evaluated, and after controlling for severity of illness, diagnosis, age, and complications, increased body temperature was found to strongly associate with an increased length of ICU and hospital stay, as well as higher mortality and... 

Dugas, M. et ah, Design and implementation of a common drug information database for a university hospital, Pharm. World ScL, 25, 156, 2003. 

Another indirect electrochemical heahng method involves the artificial kidney machine, with electrochemical regeneration of the dialysis solution. The common kidney machine is a dialyzer in which blood of the patient (who suffers from kiduey insufficiency) and a dialysis solution are pumped arouud iu two differeut loops, aud carbamide (urea), creatinine, and other metabolites are transferred by dialysis into the dialysis solution. For complete extraction of the metabolites, each hemodialysis session requires almost 200 L of this solution to be pumped through, so hemodialysis cau only be performed in a hospital setting. In machines equipped with electrochemical regeueratiou, the dialysis solutiou is ruu iu a closed loop, iucludiug au electrolyzer in which the carbamide is oxidized to nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The solution volume needed in this loop is rather small, so that portable kidney machines could become a reality. 

The electrolytes Na", and Cl are second only to glucose in being the most frequently run hospital tests. Many clinical chemistry analyzers now contain an ISE module for electrolyte analysis. Most commonly the module will consist of a Na -glass electrode, a valinomycin/PVC electrode, a Ag/AgCl pellet or a quaternary ammonium ion/PVC electrode and a reference electrode. A selective electrode for the bicarbonate ion continues to elude workers in the field. An indirect measurement of HCOf must be made. The sample is usually reacted with acid to evolve carbon dioxide gas which is measured with a traditional Severinghaus type CO2 electrode. Alternatively, the sample is treated with base to convert HCO to CO3 and a carbonate ion-selective electrode is used In this manner, the complete primary electrolyte profile is obtained electrochemically. 

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