Staphylococcus aureus treatment

MO M23 M23.004 Lysostaphin Use in treatment of endophthalmitis mediated by methicill in-resistant Staphylococcus aureus... 

The sulfonamides are often used to control urinary tract infections caused by certain bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella-Enterobacter. Mafenide (Sulfamylon) and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) are topical sulfonamides used in the treatment of second- and third-degree bums. Additional uses of the sulfonamides are given in the Summary Drug Table The Sulfonamides. 

Staphylococcus aureus is less sensitive to erythron rdn than are pneumococci or haemolytic streptococci, and there may be a rapid development of resistance, especially of staphylococci, in vitro. However, in vivo with successM short courses of treatment, resistance is not usually a serious clinical problem. On the other hand, resistance is likely to develop when the antibiotic is used for long periods. 

Krishnamurthy, K., Jun, S., Irudayaraj, J., and Demirci, A. (2008). Efficacy of infrared heat treatment for inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in milk. J. Food Process Eng. 31, 798-816. 

If conventional treatment fails, unresolved diaper rash can also lead to secondary bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci are the most likely pathogens responsible for these infections and require treatment with systemic antibiotics.3 37 While topical protectants may be used as an adjunct in treatment, suspected bacterial infections should always be referred to a physician for accurate diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate antibacterial regimen.34 Figure 62-7 shows a useful algorithm for the effective treatment of diaper dermatitis. 

O Impetigo is a skin infection that most commonly afflicts young children. It is caused by group A streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus and is characterized by the development of numerous blisters that rupture and form crusts. Dicloxacillin, cephalexin, and topical mupirocin are considered the antibiotics of choice for treatment of impetigo. 

O Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that is associated with high morbidity and increased health care costs. The inflammatory response associated with acute osteomyelitis can lead to bone necrosis and subsequently chronic infections. Bacterial pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, are the most common microorganisms implicated in these infections. Diagnosis and treatment are often difficult due to the heterogeneous... 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

Fox, L.K. and Norell, R.J. (1994), Staphylococcus aureus colonization of teat skin as affected by postmilking teat treatment when exposed to cold and windy conditions . Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 2281-2288. 

Boijesson S, Melin S, Matussek A et al (2009) A seasonal study of the mecA gene and Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus in a municipal waste water treatment plant Water Res 43(4) 925-932... 

Widmer AF. (2008) Ceftobiprole A new option for treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Clin Infect Dis 46 656-658. 

Scheinfeld N. (2007) A comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and enterococcus. J Drugs Dermatol 6 97-103. 

Zeyheria tuberculosa (Veil.) Bur. (Bignoniaceae) is a species used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of cancer and skin diseases. From the extracts of this plant, four flavones namely 5,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone, 4 -hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone and 4 -hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone, were isolated through bioassay-guided fractionation and evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity. These results showed that isolated flavones may be particularly useful against two pathogenic microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, which may justify the popular use of this species. 

Cnshnie TP, Hamilton VE, Chapman DG Taylor PW, Lamb AJ. (2007) Aggregation of Staphylococcus aureus following treatment with the antibacterial flavonol glycoside galangin. J Appl Microbiol 103 1562-1567. 

It has repeatedly been shown that penicillin and tetracyclines retain their growth-promoting activity when used in the same agricultural surroundings for periods of 30 years or longer. Furthermore, tetracyclines continue to be effective in the treatment of both human and animal diseases. Atkinson and Lorian (19) found that coli. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staph, epidermidis showed "virtually the same susceptibilities" to tetracycline in 242 US hospitals, 1971 to 1982. 

Community-acquired pneumonia For the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains only), including cases with concurrent bacteremia, or Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains only). 

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) For the treatment of UTIs when caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and certain susceptible strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species. 

In mice infections with pneumococci were influenced very satisfactorily by aristolochic acid I. Rats with wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus were treated intraperitoneally or orally with aristolochic acid I compared to controls, the treated animals recovered much faster. Rabbits after intravenous application of aristolochic acid I showed an increased antibactericial action of serum (97). Mice infected with bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Diphococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes could be protected by treatment with 50 xg/kg ip of aristolochic acid I (97). 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

These antibiotics are considered as a choice of last resort where every other antibiotic therapy has failed. The first and only commercially available oxazolidinone antibiotic is linezolid which was introduced in 2002. Its mechanism of action is inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It is available for intravenous administration and also has the advantage of having excellent oral bioavailability. Linezolid is used for the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria including streptococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRS A). 

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