Clinical prospective

Haddad AL, Matos LF, Brunstein F, et al (2003) A clinical, prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing skin whitening complex with hydroqui-none vs. placebo in the treatment of melasma. Int J Dermatol 42 153-156... 

Washington JA and Wilson WR (1985) Erythromycin A microbial and clinical prospective after 30 years of clinical use. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 60 271-278. 

Pendergast GC, Orliff A. 2000. Farne-syltransferase inhibitors antineoplastic properties, mechanisms of action, and clinical prospects. Semin. Cancer Biol. 10 443-52... 

Wintermeyer SM, Nahata MC. Rimantadine a clinical prospective. Ann Pharmacother 1995 29 299-310. 

A Workshop Symposium on Prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxanes measurement methodological problems and clinical prospects,... 

Rosati A, Buttolo L, Stefini R, Todeschini A, Cenzato M, Padovani A. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in patients with glioma a clinical prospective study. Arch Neurol 2010 67(3) 343-6. 

Incandela L, Belcaro G, De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Griffin M, Ippolito E (2001) Total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in the treatment of venous hypertension a clinical prospective, randomized trial using a combined microcirculatory model. Angiology 52 S61-S67... 

A clinical trial to evaluate misoprostol as a protector of normal tissue during a course of XRT in cancer patients suggests a reduction in acute normal tissue injury (215). A randomized, prospective, double-blind study indicates that topical misoprostol, administered as an oral rinse 15-20 min before irradiation using conventional 2-Gy (200 rad) fractions, five days a week over 6—7 weeks, significantly protects the oral mucosa from radiomucositis, a frequently observed normal tissue complication during XRT for head and neck cancer (215). 

Moore, M., Burak Jr., W., Nelson, E., Kearney, T., Simmons, R., Mayers, L. and Spotnitz, W., Fibrin sealant reduces the duration and amount of fluid drainage after axillary dissection A randomized prospective clinical trial. J. Am. Coll. Surg., 192. 591-599 (2001). 

Hofland LJ, der Hoek J, van Feelders R et al (2005) Pre-clinical and clinical experiences with novel somatostatin ligands advantages, disadvantages and new prospects. J Endocrinol Invest 28(11 Suppl) 36-42... 

The use and cost of HIV service provision in England in 1996 was analyzed by Easterbrock et al. (1998). Standardized activity and case-severity data was collected prospectively in ten English HIV clinics. 5,440 patients attended the services during the first six months of 1996 and 5,708 patients during the second term. Cost estimates per patient-year for HIV service provision in 1996 varied from US 7,324 for asymptomatic patients to US 11,864 for symptomatic non-AIDS patients, and to US 31,758 for patients with AIDS. Easterbrock et al. (1998) concluded that different combinations of antiretroviral therapy affected the cost estimates differently. 

To compare the epidemiological, clinical, and economic impacts of the HIV epidemic in Italy prior to and after the introduction of HAART, Tramarin et al. (2004) conducted a prospective and observational study with a multi-center design. They used data collected on an AIDS cohort from 1994 and updated data from a comparable cohort in 1998. Mortality and medical costs of 251 patients were measured in 1994 and in 1998, respectively. A considerable difference was observed in mortality (33.9% in 1994 vs. 3.9% in 1998). The cost per patient per year was US 15,515 in 1994 and US 10,312 in 1998. Based on the comparison of the two cohorts between both years, the authors concluded that after the introduction of HAART, hospital-based provision shifted from an inpatient-based to an outpatient-based service, with major focus on pharmaceutical care. 

Kim SW, Moon SE, Kim JA, Eun HC (1999) Glycolic acid versus Jessner s solution which is better for facial acne patients A randomised prospective clinical trial of split-face model therapy. Dermatol Surg 25(4) 270-273... 

Gebski V, McNeil D, Coates A, Forbes J. Monitoring distributional assumptions and early stopping for a prospective clinical trial using Monte Carlo simulation. StatMed 1987 Sep 6(6) 667-78. 

A variety of data sources are available to inform interactive programs, including prospective data sets, retrospective databases, expert opinion, and unpub-lished/published literature. Time horizon, that is, the length of time into the future considered in the analysis over which costs and outcomes are projected, is very important here [26]. For example, if a clinical trial or the published literature only report short-term results for a chronic condition, the outcomes may come into question. This is where decision-analytic models may come... 

Prospective sources include encounter data, which may or may not be contained in EHRs patient data input and randomized, prospective clinical trials. Advantages of prospective sources to inform interactive software include the ability to control and monitor the circumstances of data collection reduction (as a result of randomization) of sources of bias potential minimization of missing data potential to modify design of data collection ability to verify data accuracy and ability to validate and further test assumptions and modify existing programs. 

Dinnett EM, Mungall MMB, Kent JA, Ronald ES, Gaw A. Closing out a large clinical trial lessons from the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Clin Trials 2004 1.6 545-52. 

A related issue is the question of which patients to include in an evaluation. The most usefirl evaluation would be one that included all patients likely to use a service in the real world. However, in order to make evaluations feasible, and because of the need to achieve the informed consent of patients, many prospective clinical trials exclude certain patient groups. For example, many schizophrenia trials exclude patients with... 

Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, et al (1998). Longterm outcome of lithium prophylaxis in bipolar disorder 5-year prospective study of 402 patients a lithium clinic. Am J Psychiatry 155,30-5. 

In Table I are listed comprehensive citations of published methods for analyses of trace metals In body fluids and other clinical specimens by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Readers are cautioned that many of the early methods that are cited In Table I have become outmoded, owing to Improvements In Instrumentation for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. All of the published methods need to be critically evaluated In the prospective analyst s laboratory before they can be confidently employed for diagnostic measurements of trace metals In body fluids. Despite these caveats, the author believes that Table I should be helpful as a guide to the growing literature on clinical and biological applications of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

De Georgia et al. Stroke 2004 63 312-317 Prospective, randomized cooling vs. standard therapy for feasibility and safety 18 of40tx with hypothermia Hypothermia to 33°C with endovascular catheter on safety in pts with anterior circulation stroke and NIHSS >8 Similar clinical outcomes and lesion growth as measured on DWI MRI. Nonsignificant reduction in DWI volume in patients who cooled well. 

Georgiadis et al. Stroke 2002 33(6) 1584-1588 Nonblinded prospective hemicraniectomy for nondominant and cooling for dominant hemisphere 19 of 36 tx with hypothermia Hypothermia to 33°C with cooling blankets or endovascular technique on clinical course in pts with >2/3 MCA infarct 12% vs. 47% mortality for surgery vs. hypothermia. Hypothermia with increased complications of hypotension and electrolyte abnormalities. Both tx with longer ICU course... 

Epidemiological data on carotenoids and cerebral infarcts or strokes indicate a protective effect of P-carotene and lycopene. Indeed, the Basel prospective study, the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study, and the Physicians Health Study " have shown an inverse correlation between carotenoid plasma level and risk of stroke. In the same way, Hirvonen et al. demonstrated, in findings from the ATBC cancer prevention stndy, an inverse association between P-carotene dietary intake and stroke. However, clinical data on carotenoids and stroke are nonexistent and they are needed to confirm this possible protective effect of carotenoids on stroke. 

Clemens, J.A., Bulkley, G.B., Cameron, J.L., Milligan, F.L., Hutcheon, L., Horn, S.D. and MacGowan, S.W. (1991). Effect of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on the incidence and severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis and hyper-amylasaemia in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 168 patients. Gastroenterology 100, A270. 

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