Infections Staphylococcus aureus

If conventional treatment fails, unresolved diaper rash can also lead to secondary bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci are the most likely pathogens responsible for these infections and require treatment with systemic antibiotics.3 37 While topical protectants may be used as an adjunct in treatment, suspected bacterial infections should always be referred to a physician for accurate diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate antibacterial regimen.34 Figure 62-7 shows a useful algorithm for the effective treatment of diaper dermatitis. 

Lower respiratory tract infections - Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase-producing), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Acinetobactersp., Serratia marcescens. 

Insertion of prosthetic joints. Chemoprophylaxis is justified because infection (Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and coliforms are commonest) almost invariably means that the artificial joint, valve or vessel must be replaced (various regimens are used, with inclusion of vancomycin when the local MRSA prevalence is high). Single perioperative doses of appropriate antibiotics with plasma... 

Barza et al. (54) later reported that after subconjunctival injection of gentamicin, higher drug concentrations were found in ocular tissues from normal eyes than from inflamed, infected (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) eyes, despite the presumed reduction in blood-eye barrier in the inflamed eye. This result was not due to altered drainage into the tear film but may have been caused by increased ocular and orbital vascularity or decreased half-life within the eye (55). Similar results have been reported by Levine and Aronson (46) who found that inflammation caused a twofold decrease in ocular absorption of radiolabeled cortisol after retrobulbar injection although no such difference was seen following subconjunctival injection. Peak ocular concentrations were observed five minutes after administration. These authors also speculated that the difference in ocular absorption after retrobulbar injection was probably due to more rapid steroid removal from... 

Staph infections — Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are composed of single polypeptide chains (of 239 to 296 amino add residues). 

Tolypomycin Y (48) shows strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria and Neisseriagonorrheae. When adininistered by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes, tolypomycin Y is effective in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcuspyrogenes and Diplococcuspneumoniae. Cross-resistance is observed with rifampicia but not with other antibiotics. Resistance to tolypomycin Y develops rapidly. The bioactivity of tolypomycin R... 

All of these derivatives protect mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus, however, presumably because of bio transformation into clindamycin (71—73). 

Staphylococcus aureus infections (159). Triphenylbismuth dichloride [594-30-9], C2gH25BiCl2, is active agaiast bean mst (160). Triarylbismuth dihaUdes have been used as catalysts for the carbonation of epoxides to form cycHc carbonates (161). 

The sulfonamides are often used to control urinary tract infections caused by certain bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella-Enterobacter. Mafenide (Sulfamylon) and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) are topical sulfonamides used in the treatment of second- and third-degree bums. Additional uses of the sulfonamides are given in the Summary Drug Table The Sulfonamides. 

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a variety of skin infections which require therapeutic approaches different from those of streptococcal infections. Staphylococcal celluhtis is indistinguishable clinically from streptococcal cellulitis and responds to cloxacillin or flucloxacillin, but generally fails to respond to penicillin owing to penicillinase (/3-lactamase) production. Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of superficial, localized skin sepsis which varies ftom small pustules to boils and occasionally to a more deeply invasive, suppurative skin abscess known as a carbuncle. Antibiotics are generally not indicated for these conditions. Pustules and boils settle with antiseptic soaps or creams and often discharge spontaneously, whereas carbuncles frequently require surgical drainage. Staphylococcus aureus may also cause... 

Leucocidins kill leucocytes and are produced by many strains of streptococci, most strains of Staphylococcus aureus and likewise most strains of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, isolated from sites of infection. 

Acute pancreatitis can progress to several distinct consequences. Pancreatic fluid collections and pancreatic abscesses can form during the course of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic necrosis can occur when pancreatic enzymes damage the pancreatic tissue or when pancreatic abscesses become secondarily infected. This infection is usually due to bacteria that are normally found in the gastrointestinal tract, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, viridans group streptococci, and anaerobes. 

Infections acquired from an external source are referred to as exogenous infections. These infections may occur as a result of human-to-human transmission, contact with exogenous bacterial populations in the environment, and animal contact. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. 

O Impetigo is a skin infection that most commonly afflicts young children. It is caused by group A streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus and is characterized by the development of numerous blisters that rupture and form crusts. Dicloxacillin, cephalexin, and topical mupirocin are considered the antibiotics of choice for treatment of impetigo. 

Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant pathogen seen in all types of osteomyelitis. However, the spectrum of potential causative pathogens varies with patient-specific risk factors and route of infection. 

O Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that is associated with high morbidity and increased health care costs. The inflammatory response associated with acute osteomyelitis can lead to bone necrosis and subsequently chronic infections. Bacterial pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, are the most common microorganisms implicated in these infections. Diagnosis and treatment are often difficult due to the heterogeneous... 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

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