Staphylococcus aureus infection resistance

Macgowan AP, Bowker KE, Noel AR. (2008) Pharmacodynamics of the antibacterial effect and emergence of resistance to tomopenem, formerly RO4908463/CS-023, in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52 1401-1406. 

Most appropriate use is when vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection is documented or strongly suspected, or for oral therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection... 

Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J et al. (2007) Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 298 1763-1771... 

An 85-year-old woman with an oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection took oral linezolid... 

It is often reserved as the drug of last resort . Vancomycin has increasingly become a first-line therapy in resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Vancomycin prevents NAM acid and NAG-peptide subunits from being incorporated into the peptidoglycan matrix the large hydrophilic molecule forms hydrogen-bond interactions with the terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine moieties of the NAM/NAG-peptides (Figure 20.8). 

Liu CP, Lee CM, Su SC, Li YT. Susceptibility testing and clinical effect of fusidic acid in oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 1999 32(3) 194-8. 

Stevens DL, Herr D, Lampiris H, et al, and the Linezolid MRSA Study 44. Group. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Infect Dis 2002 34 45. 

Hallin M, Deplano A, Denis O, De Mendonca R, De Ryck R, Struelens MJ (2007) Validation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa typing for long-term, nationwide epidemiological surveillance studies of Staphylococcus aureus infections. J CUn Microbiol 45 127-133 Hamels S, Gala JL, Dufour S, Vannuffel P, Zammatteo N, Remade J (2001) Consensus PCR and microarray for diagnosis of the genus Staphylococcus, species, and methiciUm resistance. Biotechniques 31 1364-1366, 1368, 1370-1362... 

Fallon, M.T., Shafer, W., Jacob, E., 1999. Use of cefazolin microspheres to treat localized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in rats. Journal of Surgical Research 86 (1), 97-102. 

Kowalski, T. J., Berbari, E. F., and Osmon, D. R. (2005) Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of community-acquired methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Mayo Clin. Proc. 80, 1201-1208. 

Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadie J, Petit S, Geshman K, Ray S, Harrison LH, Lynefield R, Dumyati G, Townes JM, Craig AS, Zell ER, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Fridkin SK (2007) Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 298 1763. 

KLEVENS R M, MORRISON M A, NADLE J, PETIT S, GERSHMAN K, RAY S, HARRISON L H, LYN-FIELD R, DUMYATI G, TOWNES J M, CRAIG A S, ZELL E R, FOSHEIM G E, MCDOUGAL L K, CAREY R B and FRiDKiN s K (2007) Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States, 7 ybn Med Assoc, 298,1763-1771. 

Prcxluced by Pseudomotuu /luorescens Smith-Kline Beecham product, Bactroban Nasal, was approved in 1996 as a topical ointment for treatment of nasal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. 

Outbreaks of bacterial infections in pork processing factories have shown that cuts on the skin made with bone were the most common port of entry of infection (Barnham and Kerby 1981). Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were the causative organisms. Nail-biting was suspected as one important cause of transmission of Staphylococcus aureus. Erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes affected 46 of 194 workers in an outbreak that lasted 7 months (Sims and Riordan 1996). 

Hiramatsu K, Ito T, Tsubakishita S, Sasaki T, Takeuchi F, Morimoto Y, Katayama Y, Matsuo M, Kuwahara-Arai K, Hishinuma T, Baba T. Genomic basis for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Chemother. 2013 45(2) 117-36. doi 10.3947/ic.2013.45.2.117. 

A bacterial strain typically takes 15 to 20 years to become resistant to an antibiotic. For example, penicillin became widely available in 1944 and by 1952, 60% of all Staphylococcus aureus infections were penicillin resistant (see page 759). As a result of the widespread use of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, some bacteria developed enzymes that can acetylate or phosphorylate the OH and NH2 groups of the antibiotic. When this happens, the antibiotic can no longer bind to the bacterial ribosome, so it has no effect on the bacteria. 

Duckworth G, Cookson B, Humphreys H, et al. Revised guidelines for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 1998 39(4) 253-90. 

Liu, C., et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52(3), el8-55 (2011) (ciql46)... 

Methicillin has lost its clinical significance due to the high incidence of resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. The use of heterocyclic substituents, based on isoxazolyl, led to the development of the penicillins cloxacillin and fiucloxacillin (Fig. 22.12). 

Tolypomycin Y (48) shows strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria and Neisseriagonorrheae. When adininistered by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes, tolypomycin Y is effective in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcuspyrogenes and Diplococcuspneumoniae. Cross-resistance is observed with rifampicia but not with other antibiotics. Resistance to tolypomycin Y develops rapidly. The bioactivity of tolypomycin R... 

Infections acquired from an external source are referred to as exogenous infections. These infections may occur as a result of human-to-human transmission, contact with exogenous bacterial populations in the environment, and animal contact. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

MRSA methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MSSA methiciUin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus NNIS National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System... 

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