Influenzae, Haemophilus

Haemophilus influenza serotype b. Three vacciaes are avaUable for immunizing Hifants. Two of these vacciaes are admioistered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with a booster given at 12—15 months of age, and the third vacciae is admioistered at 2 and 4 months of age with a booster at 12—15 months of age. 

There are a number of practical problems involved with using polysaccharides as vaccines as there are frequently too many different chemotypes for it to be practicable to prepare a vaccine. In some cases a limited number of serotypes are the dominant cause of infection and it may then be possible to produce vaccines. A major problem is the poor immune response elicited by polysaccharide antigens, which may in some cases be improved by chemical modification. This is (fie case for vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (a causative agent of meningitis), where the antigenicity of the polysaccharide can be increased by coupling to proteins. 

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate and hepatitis B vaccine he -maw-fil-us in-flu-en -zah kon-jew -gate hep -ah-tie -tus bee-vak -seen Lyme disease vaccine (recombinant OspA) lime-vak -seen... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine. Three Hib conjugate vaccines are licensed for infant use. If PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB or ComVax) is administered at ages 2 and 4 months, a dose at age 6 months is not required. DTaP/Hib combination products should not be used for primary immunization in infants at ages 2, 4 or 6 months, but can be used as boosters following any Hib vaccine. 

In the cell-wall antigen from Staphylococcus aureus M, taurine is linked as an amide (51) to a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyluronic residue. l-Threonine and L-glutamic acid are linked as amides to D-glucuronic acid residues in the LPS from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 and in the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K82, respectively. In the capsular polysaccharide from E. coli K54, L-serine and L-threonine, in the ratio 1 9, are linked to the carboxyl group of a D-glucuronic acid residue. In the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type d,... 

In different polysaccharides of the teichoic acid type, monosaccharides or oligosaccharides are connected by phosphoric diester linkages. Two examples are the capsular antigens from Neisseria meningitides type A (56) and Haemophilus influenzae type c (57), respectively. Glycerol phosphate... 

Haemophilus influenzae owes its specific name to the fact that it was thought to be the causal organism of influenza (now known to be a virus disease) as it was often isolated in cases ofinfluenza. It is the main cause ofinfantile meningitis and conjunctivitis and is one of the most important causes of chronic bronchitis. 

Virus infections such as influenza and the common cold (in reality 300-400 different strains ofrhinovirus) infect epithelial cells ofthe respiratory tract and nasopharynx, respectively. Release ofthe virus, after lysis ofthe host cells, is to the void rather than to subepithelial tissues. The epithelia is further infected resulting in general degeneration ofthe tracts. Such damage predisposes the respiratory tract to infection with opportunistic pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. 

In cephalosporins suseeptible to / -lactamases, opening of the y8-lactam ring occurs with concomitant loss of the substituent at (except in cephalexin, where represents H see Fig. 5.4). This is followed by fragmentation of the molecule. Provided that they are not inaetivated by "-laetamases, the cephalosporins generally have a broad spectrum of activity, although there may be a wide variation. Haemophilus influenzae, for example, is partieularly suseeptible to eefuroxime see also Table 5.2. 

Although viral infections are important causes of both otitis media and sinusitis, they are generally self-limiting. Bacterial infections m complicate viral illnesses, and are also primary causes of ear and sinus infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the commonest bacterial pathogens. Amoxycillin is widely prescribed for these infections since it is microbiologically active, penetrates the middle ear, and sinuses, is well tolerated and has proved effective. 

Haemophilus influenzae type b Cultures of H. influenzae type b 1 Separation of capsular polysaccharide 2 Conjugation with a protein Estimation of capsular polysaccharide content ... 

Amphipathic peptides are important for the viruses when they enter the interior. Many viruses have amphipathic peptides on their surface. A classic example is Haemophilus influenzae [208]. Amphipathic peptide on the viral surface undergoes a conformational change when the endosomal pH is acidified and, subsequently, this peptide is able to fuse with the endosomal bilayer. Consequently, the virus is able to escape from the endosome to the cytoplasm. Many amphipathic peptides are pH-dependent so that they are activated in the endosomal compartment [219]. 

Parisi, L. and von Hunolstein, C., Determination of the molecular size distribution of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines by size-exclusion chromatography, /. Chromatogr. A, 847, 209, 1999. 

Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, and influenza vims... 

Uncomplicated exacerbation Not requiring hospitalization Less than 3 exacerbations per year No comorbid illness I I V, greater than 50% predicted No recent antibiotic therapy Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis Oral Macrolide (azithromycin, clarithromycin) Second- or third-generation cephalosporin (cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefprozil) Doxycycline Ketolide (telithromycin) P-Lactam/P-Iactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin-clavulanate) Intravenous Not recommended... 

The vast majority of conjunctivitis cases are viral in nature. For acute bacterial conjunctivitis, the cause is primarily grampositive organisms.11 The primary pathogens in acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenzae.12... 

Pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia, and viruses (parvovirus B1 9)... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease among infants and children—United States, 1998-2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2002 51(RRll) 234-237. 

---