Pathogen response

If conventional treatment fails, unresolved diaper rash can also lead to secondary bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci are the most likely pathogens responsible for these infections and require treatment with systemic antibiotics.3 37 While topical protectants may be used as an adjunct in treatment, suspected bacterial infections should always be referred to a physician for accurate diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate antibacterial regimen.34 Figure 62-7 shows a useful algorithm for the effective treatment of diaper dermatitis. 

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) usually affects young, sexually active, reproductive-age women. In the majority of cases, the pathogens responsible are C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae,... 

Alternative, also stereoselective, routes to allenic steroids take advantage of cationic cyclization reactions [108] or [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements [109]. For example, the allenic Michael acceptor 112 was prepared with 57% chemical yield by reaction of mestranol (111) with diethyl chlorophosphite and was found to inhibit the sterol biosynthesis of the pathogen responsible for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), the most abundant AIDS-related disease (Scheme 18.36) [110]. 

Fritsche TR, Rhomberg PR, Sader HS, Jones RN. (2008) Antimicrobial activity of omiganan pentahydrochloride against contemporary fungal pathogens responsible for catheter-associated infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52-. 1187-1189. 

Antimicrobial agents are frequently used before the pathogen responsible for a particular illness or the susceptibility to a particular antimicrobial agent is known. This use of antimicrobial agents is called empiric (or presumptive) therapy and is based on experience with a particular clinical entity. The usual justification for empiric therapy is the hope that early intervention will improve the outcome in the best cases, this has been established by placebo-controlled, double-blind prospective clinical trials. For example, treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic cancer patients with empiric antimicrobial therapy has been demonstrated to have impressive morbidity and mortality benefits even though the specific bacterial agent responsible for fever is determined for only a minority of such episodes. 

Schubert R, Fischer R, Hain R, Schreier PH, Bahnweg G, Ernst D, Sandermann HJr. 1997. An ozone-responsive region of the grapevine resveratrol synthase promoter differs from the basal pathogen-responsive sequence. Plant Mol Biol 34 417-426. 

Atherosclerosis is a pathogenic response of the intima of the arterial vessel walls to noxious stimuli. It is characterized by lipids depositing in the vessel walls, which leads to wall narrowing. This can progress to IHD. Exposure to arsenic in drinking water is associated with an increased prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in a dose-response relationship. In a cross-sectional study, Wang et al. (2002) assessed... 

Antimicrobial agents are frequently used before the pathogen responsible for a particular illness or the susceptibility to a particular antimicrobial agent is known. This use of antimicrobial agents is called empirical (or presumptive) therapy and is based upon experience with a particular clinical... 

These corrected values for the pKA of HNO (>11) and reduction potential of NO (< —0.7 V) demonstrate that HNO, rather than NO, is the predominant species in neutral solution and indicate that NO cannot be easily converted to NO- by simple outer-sphere electron transfer (Scheme 6), unlike the O2/O2 redox couple. The different potentials and concentrations of NO and O2 in cellular or physiological systems suggest that NO is essentially inert to reduction to NO in mammalian biology. Note that certain processes in bacteria are suggested to have sufficient potentials to reduce NO (165, 166), which may have some importance both to normal bacterial physiology, including nitrification and denitrification, and to antibacterial and pathogenic responses. 

Retroviruses like HIV, the pathogen responsible for AIDS, incorporate an RNA template that is copied into DNA during infection. The reverse transcriptase enzyme that copies RNA into DNA is relatively nonselective and error-prone, leading to a high mutation rate. Its lack of selectivity is exploited by the anti-HIV drug AZT (3 -azido-2, 3 -dideoxythymidine), which becomes phosphorylated and is incorporated by reverse transcriptase into DNA, where it acts as a chain terminator. Mammalian DNA polymerases are more selective, having a low affinity for AZT, so its toxicity is relatively low. 

Identify the primary pathogens responsible for foodborne and waterborne disease. 

Choi, D., Bostock, R.M., Avdiushko, S. and Hildebrand, D.E. (1994) Lipid-derived signals that discriminate wound- and pathogen-responsive isoprenoid pathways in plants methyl jasmonate and the fungal eUcitor arachidonic acid induce different 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase genes and antimicrobial isoprenoids in Solanum tuberosum (L). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 2329-33. 

Fubini B. 1997. Surface reactivity in the pathogenic response to particulates. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 105 1013-1020. 

Clotrimazole, as a 1% solution, is the most effective topical fungicide for the treatment of otomycosis. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species, the most common pathogens responsible for these infections. It acts by interfering with the biosynthesis of ergosterol and is very effective for refractory or chronic cases caused by the dermatophytes or Candida species. ... 

The infecting organisms causing pyelonephritis are typically similar to the infecting pathogens responsible for lower UTIs. In uncomplicated cases, antibiotics used for treatment of lower tract Infections also can be used for the treatment of upper tract infections. These agents typically include fluoroquinolones and TMP-SMX. In more serious cases, pyelonephritis may be accompanied by bacteremia, warranting hospitalization and parenteral therapy. 

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