Post-exposure treatment

SENSITIVITY Energy density Exposure rate Exposure environment Developing Post-exposure treatment Radiation efficiency Molecular weight... 

Methods 1 and 3 have been utilized in dry developed resist systems. To our knowledge, there are no resist systems commercially available that depend on post-exposure treatment other than the post-curing effect in negative electron beam resists mentioned earlier. Since such systems are still largely in the research phase we will not discuss them here but rather refer the reader to the literature for more detailed descriptions (44-50). 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

The post-exposure treatment of photopolymerized structures in resin and resist is of critical importance for the final retrieval of 3D structures [77]. Since development of positive or negative resists and resins is a wet process, the damaging effect of capillary forces should be considered during the rinsing and drying of the samples. 

Lethality was prevented by treatment with nasal atropine (atropine methyl nitrate) and post-exposure treatment with atropine methyl bromide instillation in combination with pulmonary therapeutic surfactants or liquevents in guinea pigs exposed to approximate LC50 concentrations of VX aerosol (Nambiar et ah, 2007) this concept shows promise for operational application in emergency response. 

Standard post-exposure treatments include eoneurrent administration of anticholinergics, such as the musearinie cholinergic blocker atropine sulfate, and AChE reactivators, such as obidoxime and pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (also known as 2-PAM). Oximes cannot reactivate OP-inhibited AChE that has already aged . Therefore, traditional oxime treatment is considered to be less effective for those agents such as soman, for which aging is rapid (Worek et al, 2005). 

FIGURE 63.2. Experimental design for demonstration of how insufficient prophylactic treatment can be compensated for by adjunct post-exposure treatment. Low dose of scopolamine requires additional treatment (A). High dose of scopolamine is sufficient to terminate seizures (B). High dose of scopolamine given outside the cholinergic window requires additional treatment (C). 

It appears from these results that simple prophylaxis (without post-exposure treatment) against OP is not sufficient. Therefore, pyridostigmine has importance as a prophylactic drug especially when it is combined with post-exposure antidotal treatment. For further development, it is necessary to search for novel prophylactic drugs and new routes of administration. In this context, preparations of cholinesterases are of special importance for the development of more effective prophylactics. 

All subjects responded to pre or post exposure treatment with PAMCl or P2S when exposed to GF. Ch levels recovered after initial depression within 24 hours or less they were approaching normal levels by 1 to 2 days post -exposure. Treatment with PAMCl and P2S or PAMCl and TMB4 did not alter or significantly improve the recovery. None of these subjects reportedly had any serious or prolonged effects from the drug. 

Medical countermeasures. Questions involving operations and policy overlap in this area include these Who—among the military, dependents, contractors, host nationals, and so on—should be vaccinated and under what indemnification agreements When is post-exposure treatment more appropriate ... 

Several therapeutics are approved for post-exposure treatment. For anthrax, current military doctrine calls for initiating treatment with oral ciprofloxacin or doxycycline as soon as exposure to spores is suspected, and introducing intravenous ciprofloxacin at the earliest signs of infection or disease. The vaccination series should also be administered to victims not immunized in the previous 6 months. Antibiotic treatment should be continued for at least 4 weeks, during which time the victim should also receive a series of vaccinations. 

Plague pneumonia is almost always fatal if treatment is not initiated within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. A number of readily available, broad-spectrum antibiotics have shown efficacy. Specific broad-spectrum antibiotics are also recommended for post-exposure treatment against tularemia and Q fever. A licensed trivalent equine antitoxin available from CDC is the only approved therapy for airborne botulism. 

Infrared spectroscopy provides a simple convenient means of following structural changes (in addition to material loss). This paper reports results obtained from IR measurements on PMPS both during exposure and following post-exposure treatment for pure films and also in composite mixtures with a novolac resin. 

Concurrently, Broomfield et al. showed in rhesus monkeys that the toxicity of soman (2 X LDjq) can be neutralized by administration of an appropriate amount of EqBChE without any performance decrement as measured by SPR. Also, protection of monkeys against 3 to 4 X LDjg of soman was obtained with EqBChE pretreatment followed by atropine post-exposure treatment. These animals were able to perform the SPR task about 9 h post-exposure, whereas animals treated with conventional atropine/oxime therapy were not able to perform the same task for 14 days. Animals receiving enzyme alone showed only a subtle transient performance decrement on the SPR task. 

The term prophylaxis as used in this chapter is limited to medical countermeasures applied relatively shortly before penetration of a toxic agent into the organism. There is a question what will happen after the administration of the prophylactic drug. When the treatment is unnecessary, it can be described as prophylaxis. However, though successful prophylaxis can be observed for some OP, full protection of the organism without post-exposure treatment, especially for soman poisoning, remains open. When the treatment is involved after exposure, the term pre-treatment has become to be accepted. 

The work dealt with phase and amplitude-phase transmission hologram-gratings with different thicknesses and constants, constructed, as a rule, in a symmetrical (or close to that) configuration of interfering beams relative to the sample surface. Main measured holographic parameters were the diffraction efficiency (DE) and selectivity contour of holograms, constructed under different recording and post-exposure treatment conditions. 

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