Spectrum of Diseases

Three surgical approaches are used to reattach the retina in the treatment of RRD scleral buckle, pneumatic retinopexy, and vitrectomy. When used singly or in various combinations, these surgeries have been reported to be successful in achieving anatomical reattachment rates of 60-95% following initial operation 

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Although pharmacology still relies heavily on small chemical substances, biologicals like recombinant proteins, cell-based therapies, and gene-therapy approaches have great potential for the treatment of broad spectrum of diseases. Therefore, the focus of modem pharmacology should shift towards these innovative therapies. 

Lipid abnormalities are associated with a wide spectrum of pathological conditions. In particular, recent advances have been made in understanding the role of lipoproteins in coronary heart disease (Davies and Woolf, 1993). However, included within the spectrum of diseases associated with perturbations of lipid metabolism are a number of musculoskeletal problems including inflammatory polyarthritis, tenosynovitis, osteoporosis and bone cysts. 

EHEC are the pathogenic subgroup of Stx-producing E. coli (STEC). Acute hemorrhagic colitis has been associated mainly with the 0157 H7 serotype. This serotype has been responsible for larger outbreaks of infection, has higher rates of complications, and appears to be more pathogenic than non-EHEC STEC strains. The spectrum of disease associated with E. coli 0157 H7 includes bloody diarrhea, which is seen in as many as 95% of patients, nonbloody diarrhea, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 

Haemophilus influenzae is a bacterial respiratory pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of disease ranging from colonization of the airways to bacterial meningitis. It causes considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in children less than 5 years of age. H. influenzae is either encapsulated or unencapsulated. The encapsulated strains can be further differentiated into six antigenically distinct serotypes, a through f. H. influenzae type b was primarily found in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of children with meningitis, while the unencapsulated strains were found in the upper respiratory tract of adults. Before the introduction of the vaccine, H. influenzae was responsible for 20,000 to 25,000 cases of invasive disease annually and was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis. Since the introduction of the vaccine, invasive disease due to H. influenzae type b has been nearly eliminated. 

The available data for deriving dose-response relationships for 144Ce are relatively limited. A complicating feature is that the spectrum of diseases produced is dependent upon the form of the 144Ce entering the body and the resultant radiation dose. This is apparent from data in Table 23 in which several different and competing diseases were produced by inhaled 144CeCl3. Additional factors that confuse the interpretation of internal emitter dose-response studies in laboratory... 

Although hereditary neuropathies and myopathies affecting small intestinal motility are rare, the entire spectrum of diseases that can interfere with motility is wide, including for example diabetes mellitus, Crohn s disease, scleroderma, and postoperative and radiation sequelae [21,71, 116, 123, 131]. 

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei which are components of modular circuits involved in many cortical functions. They have received considerable attention from basic scientists and clinicians alike because of their prominent involvement in movement disorders, a spectrum of diseases including disorders which are characterized by poverty of movement (hypokinetic disorders), as well as disorders characterized by excess movement (hyperkinetic disorders). It has become clear in recent years that most basal ganglia disorders are not restricted to motor disturbances, but involve cognitive and emotional features as well. 

PMC may result in a spectrum of disease from mild diarrhea to enterocolitis. In colitis without pseudomembranes, patients present with malaise, abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, watery diarrhea, low-grade fever, and leukocytosis. With pseudomembranes, there is more severe illness with severe abdominal pain, perfuse diarrhea, high fever, and marked leukocytosis. Symptoms can start a few days after the start of antibiotic therapy to several weeks after antibiotics have been stopped. 

P10. Pinkus, G. S., O Hara, C. J., and Said, J. W., Peripheral/post-thymic T-cell lymphomas A spectrum of disease. Clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features of 78 cases. Cancer 65,... 

In recent years, a confluence of spectacular advances in chemistry, molecular biology, genomics, and chemical technology, and the cognate fields of spectroscopy, chromatography, and crystallography have led to the discovery and development of numerous novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. 

A broad spectrum of diseases in children are known (or suspected) to be associated with unhealthy environments. For much of the world, traditional environmental health hazards continue to remain the primary source of ill-health. These include lack of adequate nutrition, poor sanitation, contaminated water, rampant disease vectors (e.g. mosquitoes and malaria), and unsafe waste disposal. In addition, rapid globalization and industrialization coupled with unsustainable patterns of production and consumption have released large quantities of chemical substances into the environment. Although the term environmental exposure can encompass a variety of factors, the focus of this document is specifically on environmental chemical exposures. Most of these substances have not been assessed for potential toxicity to children, nor have the most vulnerable subpopulations of children been identified. The incidence of a number of important paediatric diseases and disorders (e.g. asthma, neurobehavioural impairment) is increasing in several parts of the world. Although a variety of factors are likely to be involved, this may be due, in part, to the quality of the environment in which children live, grow, and play. 

Herpesviruses are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases, e.g., cold sores, viral encephalitis, and genital infections, the latter being a hazard to the newborn during parturition. The drugs that are effective against these viruses exert their actions during the acute phase of viral infections and are without effect in the latent phase. Except for foscar-net, all are purine or pyrimidine analogs that inhibit viral DNA synthesis. 

Throughout the ages, humans have relied on Nature to cater for their basic needs—not the least of which are medicines for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. Plants, in particular, have formed the basis of sophisticated traditional medicine systems, with the earliest records, dating from around 2900-2600 BCE,1 documenting the uses of approximately 1000 plant-derived... 

Coccidioides immitis is a dimorphic fungus that grows in soil in much of the southwestern United States infection results from inhalation of airborne C. immitis arthroconidia. Coccidioidomycosis is not transmitted from person to person. Approximately 60% of infected persons are asymptomatic the remainder can develop a spectrum of disease from mild influenza-like illness to pneumonia to disseminated disease, including meningitis. Because the incubation period for this infection ranges from 1 to 4 weeks, persons who may... 

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on the host cell to carry out metabolic biosynthe-sis.The genus includes two major species C. trachomatis, which causes disease in humans, and Chlamydia psittaci, which infects primarily nonhumans. The many different serotypes cause a wide spectrum of disease states, including inclusion conjunctivitis, trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, and cervicitis or urethritis. 

Ehlers WH, Donshik PC.AUergic ocular disorders a spectrum of diseases. CLAOJ 1992 18 117-124. 

The spectrum of diseases that occur in the pediatric population is also quite different than diseases that afflict adults, and the effect of pediatric diseases... 

I was very happy with this success but was disappointed that the success in ophthalmology slowed down and eventually stopped progress toward the marketing of the same material for the treatment of human arthritis. Pharmacia could not manage to bring to the patients the various applications of Healon in medicine over a broad spectrum of disease conditions. 

Hodges, XR., Millvard-Sadler, G.H., Wright, R. Chronic active hepatitis the spectrum of disease. Lancet 1982ff 550—552... 

A wide spectrum of disease agents that produce different disease manifestations under different conditions... 

Fiore PM, Jacobs IH, Goldberg DB. Drug-induced pemphigoid. A spectrum of diseases. Arch Ophthalmol 1987 105(12) 1660-3. 

HIV-2 HIV-2, which is closely related to HIV-1, was first reported to be associated with AIDS in 1986 in West Africa, where it is believed to be endemic. Several cases of HIV-2 infection have been reported among Europeans and West Africans residing in Europe and in the USA. The spectrum of disease and modes of transmission of HIV-2 seem to be similar to those of HIV-1 (182). However, there have been only relatively few reports of HIV-2 transmission in blood. The anti-HIV-1 El A tests currently used for screening blood donors are estimated to detect from 42 to 92% of HIV-2 infections (183). Anti-HIV-2 assays are available and are used routinely in blood donor screening. 

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