Small intestine motility

Paralytic ileus 4. Increased AEA levels participate in inhibition of small intestine motility 4. CB antagonists... 

Phyto chemicals can be used to either stimulate or inhibit motility of the GIT. For example, caffeine and other phytochemicals stimulate motility (Lis-Balchim etal, 2001 Boekema et al, 1999), whereas motility is slowed by peppermint oil (Beesley et al, 1996), protease inhibitors (Schwartz et al., 1994) and several other phytochemicals (Abdullahi et al, 2001 Odetola and Acojenu, 2000 Rojas et al, 1999 Amos et al, 1998). Many of the traditional herbal medicines used for treatment of diarrhea are based on aqueous extracts that slow small intestine transit and increase residence time for digesta (Lin et al, 2002). The opiates and derivatives are particularly noteworthy (Williams et al., 1997). 

V. cholerae is a gram-negative bacillus. Vibrios pass through the stomach to colonize the upper small intestine. Vibrios have filamentous protein extensions that attach to receptors on the intestinal mucosa, and their motility assists with penetration of the mucus layer.2 The cholera enterotoxin consists of two subunits, one of which (subunit A) is transported into the cells and causes an increase in cyclic AMP, which leads to a deluge of fluid into the small intestine.20 This large volume of fluid results in the watery diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera. The stools are an electrolyte-rich isotonic fluid, the loss of which results in blood volume depletion followed by low blood pressure and shock.2 Of note, the diarrheal fluid is highly infectious. 

NW Weisbrodt. Motility of the small intestine. In LR Johnson, ed. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York Raven Press, 1989, pp 631-664. 

P Kerlin, A Zinsmeister, S Phillips. Relationship of motility to flow of contents in the human small intestine. Gastroenterology 82 701-706, 1982. 

It may take many hours for the contents of the stomach to be processed and moved into the small intestine. Several factors influence gastric motility and therefore the rate of gastric emptying. These include ... 

Segmentation contractions occur as a result of the basic electrical rhythm (BER) of pacemaker cells in the small intestine. This form of muscular activity is slight or absent between meals. The motility of the small intestine may be enhanced during a meal by ... 

Etiology H. pylori-induced atrophy of gastric mucosa, drug-induced etc. Failure of small bowel motility or intestinal anatomical abnormality... 

Although hereditary neuropathies and myopathies affecting small intestinal motility are rare, the entire spectrum of diseases that can interfere with motility is wide, including for example diabetes mellitus, Crohn s disease, scleroderma, and postoperative and radiation sequelae [21,71, 116, 123, 131]. 

Radiation Injury. Late radiation enteropathy is associated with alterations of small intestinal motility [154], intestinal pseudoobstruction [154, 155] and Gram-negative colonization of the small bowel in patients with impaired small bowel motility [12], In patients with severe injury, alterations in the motility and microflora are of main importance for the clinical symptoms [154],... 

Quigley EMM Gastric and small intestinal motility in health and disease in Camilleri M (ed) Gastrointestinal Motility in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1996, pp 113— 147. 

Husebye E, Engedal K The patterns of motility are maintained in the human small intestine throughout the process of aging. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992 27 397-404. 

Riordan SM, Mclver CJ, Walker BM, Dun-combe VM, Bolin TD, Thomas MC Bacteriological method for detecting small intestinal motility. Am J Gastroenterol 1996 91 2399-2405. 

Thompson DG, Ritchie HD, Wingate DL Pattern of small intestine motility in duodenal ulcer patients before and after vagotomy. Gut 1982 23 517-523. 

Nowak TV, Anuras S, Brown BP, Ionasescu V, Green JB Small intestinal motility in myotonic dystrophy patients. Gastroenterology 1984 86 808-813. 

Husebye E, Hauer-Jensen M, Kjorstad K, Skar V Severe late radiation enteropathy is characterised by impaired motility of proximal small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 1994 39 2341-2349. 

Oliveira RB, Menghelli UG, De Godoy RA, Dantas RO, Padovan W Abnormalities of interdigestive motility of the small intestine in patients with Chagas disease. Dig Dis Sci 1983,28/4 294-299. 

Stotzer PO, Bjornsson ES, Abrahamsson H Interdigestive and postprandial motility in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996,31 875-880. 

Strid H, Simren M, Stotzer PO, Ringstrom G, Abrahamsson H, Bjornsson ES Patients with chronic renal failure have abnormal small intestinal motility and a high prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Digestion 2003 67 129-137. 

Castor oil is metabolized in the GI tract to an active compound, ricinoleic acid, which stimulates secretory processes, decreases glucose absorption, and promotes intestinal motility, primarily in the small intestine. Castor oil usually results in a bowel movement within 1 to 3 hours of administration. Because the agent has such a strong purgative action, it should not be used for the routine treatment of constipation. 

Intestinal motility can be altered by reduced contact time in the small intestine, premature emptying of the colon, and by bacterial overgrowth. 

C17. Cummins, A. J., and Almy, T. P., Studies on the relationship between motility and absorption in the human small intestine. Gastroenterology 23, 179 (1953). 

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