Musculoskeletal problems

Lipid abnormalities are associated with a wide spectrum of pathological conditions. In particular, recent advances have been made in understanding the role of lipoproteins in coronary heart disease (Davies and Woolf, 1993). However, included within the spectrum of diseases associated with perturbations of lipid metabolism are a number of musculoskeletal problems including inflammatory polyarthritis, tenosynovitis, osteoporosis and bone cysts. 

Many other factors in drug use are also relevant -poor vision and therefore difficulty in reading labels, mental confusion, poor memory leading to failure to remember if tablets have been taken or not, musculoskeletal problems preventing the opening of bottles (particularly the child-proof variety which in our experience are readily opened by children, but only opened with difficulty by the elderly). 

Therapists also deal with the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders that are caused by an autoimmune response. Many of these diseases attack connective tissues, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus are often the primary reason that patients undergo rehabilitation. Patients with a compromised immune system may develop musculoskeletal problems related to their immunodeficient state. Hence, immunomodulating drugs are frequently used in many patients receiving physical therapy and occupational therapy. 

Stallions may have problems with penile erection secondary to traumatic injury of the penis. In other stallions, ejaculatory dysfunction, secondary to neurological and musculoskeletal problems that affect the stallion s ability to mount and thrust, may be the primary cause of breeding failure. In these cases, ejaculation in copula or ex copula may be enhanced pharmacologically. 

Keyserling, W. M., and Hankins, S. E. (1994), Effectiveness of Plant-Based Committees in Recognizing and Controlling Ergonomic Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Problems in the Automotive Industry, in Proceedings of the XII Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Toronto, Vol. 3, pp. 346-348. 

The scientific evidence of work-relatedness of musculoskeletal disorders has been firmly established by numerous epidemiologic studies conducted over the last 25 years of research in the field (NIOSH 1997). It has also been noted that the incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the reference populations were low, but not zero, most likely indicating the nonwork-related causes of these disorders. It was also documented that such variables as cultural differences, psychosocial and economic factors, which may influence one s perception and tolerance of pain and consequently affect the willingness to report musculoskeletal problems, may have significant impact on the progressions from disorder to work disability (WHO 1985 Leino 1989). 

Women generally report more musculoskeletal problems than men. The reason for this is not quite elear, but there are several possible erqrlanations (a) Women have less physical strength than men and gender diffeienees in terms of muscle fiber composition may be of importance (b) compared to men, women are overrepresented in jobs with a high incidence of muscular problems (e.g., repetitive assembly work) and they tend to stay longer in these jobs and (c) employed women are often exposed to more work overload and role conflicts than men, due to the combined load from paid and unpaid duties. As a consequenee, women have fewer opportunities than men for off-work relaxation and their muscles may therefore remain activated too long without rest and restitution. 

Hammer, G. (1990). Review of current knowledge—musculoskeletal problems. In L. Berlinguet D. Berthelette (Eds.), IForlc with display units 89 (pp. 113 ... 

M. Spector, Biomaterials-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine solutions to musculoskeletal problems, Swiss Med. Wkly. 136(2006) 293-301. 

In recent years ergonomics has caught the attention of management due to its significance as a health and safety issue—in terms of medical costs, employee days lost from work, and human suffering. Operations requiring lifting, movement of parts or other materials, repetitive motion, unusual postures, or stationary positions are all likely to cause sprains, strains, and musculoskeletal problems. Many can be... 

Callen, Peter W. Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia Saunders/Elsevier, 2008. Starts with techniques, then proceeds to diagnosis. Includes information on three-dimensional ultrasound and ultrasound scanners. Jacobson, Jon A. Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound. Philadelphia Saunders/Elsevier, 2007. Presents the techniques of ultrasound in diagnosing musculoskeletal problems. 

Finally, consideration must be given to health hazards which are associated with working near water. These include biological hazards such as leptospirosis and tetanus and general hazards to health associated with working on any construction site such as noise, vibration and musculoskeletal problems, electricity, mechanical hazards, flying particles, dust and contact with cement. 

Possible hazards associated with display screen equipment are physical (musculoskeletal) problems, visual fatigue and mental stress. They are not unique to display screen work nor an inevitable consequence of it, and indeed research shows that the risk to the individual from typical display screen work is low. However, as in other types of work, ill-health can result from poor work organization, working environment, job design and posture, and from inappropriate working methods. 

Prevention is the most important strategy for dealing with work-related musculoskeletal problems. Some postures to avoid include ... 

The worker s anthropometric dimensions, the equipment, most of it being standardized cause workers to adopt an inadequate posture to perform their daily tasks and an increase of physical effort, which may lead to a greater possibility of musculoskeletal problems. 

Rugelj D. (2003), Low back pain and other work-related musculoskeletal problems among physiotherapists. Applied Ergonomics 34, 635-639. 

It is important to highlight that the low back pain continues to be the most common musculoskeletal problem in the workplaces. Several findings have shown that workers who perform Manual Materials Handling (MMH) are exposed to a greater risk of having back pain and/or WMSD, compared with those that their jobs do not require this type of tasks. However, these tasks, including manual lifting, are very common in a wide variety of workplaces... 

Vanderpool, H.E., Friis, E.A., Smith, B.S. Harms, K.L. 1993. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and other work-related musculoskeletal problems in cardiac sonographers. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 35, 604-610. 

Musculoskeletal problems are injuries that may be a consequence of an accident at work. Therefore, this study revealed that the vast majority of workers at the shop, shown more symptoms of pain or discomfort in the area of the back and cervical region. In many work tasks performed daily, the column is maintained in stress (axial rotation) which becomes a factor conductive to situations of low back pain and degenerative lesions of the disks (Bolonha, et al., 2012). 

At the time of her first visit, she reported a slight headache and a feeling of nausea, as well as the neck pain and stiffness. She had been well until the time of the accident and was using no regular medications. She seldom experienced headaches and had no past history of musculoskeletal problems or injuries. 

As in this case, stress can be the major contributing factor. Having the mother perform regular stretching exercises at home has a physical benefit and an emotional one. Emotions are very much reciprocal with musculoskeletal problems, each affecting the other. 

Pediatric musculoskeletal problems should be evaluated and treatment instituted before the onset of weight-bearing. Equinus, calcaneus valgus, pronation, flatfoot, tibial torsion, metatarsal varus, clubfoot, and congenital dislocation of the hips should all be diagnosed and treated properly before the child begins to walk. 

Few persons are totally symmetric, and therefore postural imbalance is a significant source of musculoskeletal problems. 

A10.38 Basic Elements of a Program to Provide a Safe and Healthful Work Environment A10.39 Constmction Safety and Health Audit Program A10.40 Reduction of Musculoskeletal Problems in Constmction A10.41 Equipment Operator and Supervisor Qualifications and Responsibilities (under development)... 

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