Ocular disorders

Renzi, L. M. and E. J. Johnson (2007). Lutein and age-related ocular disorders in the older adult A review. J. Nutr. Elder 26(5-4) 139-157. 

Glaucomas are ocular disorders characterized by changes in the optic nerve head (optic disk) and by loss of visual sensitivity and field. 

The use of polymeric nanoparticles in the eye has gained considerable interests in recent years. Ocular disposition, safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profiles of various nanoparticles offer a wide range of application for the delivery of many drugs used to treat common ocular disorders. Polymeric nanoparticles have been utilized to enhance the performance of ibuprofen and cyclosporine, while reducing systemic side effect of carteolol compared with... 

Thromboembolic disorders Be alert to the earliest manifestations of thrombotic disorders. If any of these occur or are suspected, do not readminister the drug. Ocular disorders Do not readminister pending examination if there is a sudden partial or complete loss of vision or if there is a sudden onset of proptosis, diplopia, or migraine. If examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular lesions, do not readminister. 

Treatment of the ocular disorders referred to by the terms vernal keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, and vernal keratitis. 

Uses Mydriasis, ocular redness [OTC], pmop mydriasis, postmor synechiae, uveitis w/ postmor S5mechiae Action a-Adren gic agonist Dose Adults. Redness 1 gtt 0.12% q3-4h PRN Exam mydriasis 1 gtt 2.5% (15 min-1 h for effect) Preop 1 gtt 2.5-10% 30-60 min preop Ocular disorders 1 gtt 2.5-10% daily-tid Peds. As adult, only use 2.5% for exam, preop, and ocular conditions Caution [C (may cause late-tOTn fetal anoxia/bradycardia), +/-] HTN, w/ elderly w/ CAD Contra NAG Disp Ophth soln SE Tearing, HA, irritation, eye pain, photophobia, arrhythmia, tremor EMS None OD Unlikely but may cause exaggeration of nl SEs s5rmptomatic and supportive... 

Mecfianism of Action Phenylephrine HCl is an alpha-receptor sympathetic agonist used in local ocular disorders because of its vasoconstrictor and mydriatic action. It exhibits rapid and moderately prolonged action, and it produces little rebound vasodilatation. Systemic side effects are uncommon. Therapeutic Effect Vasoconstriction and pupil dilation. 

The most common drug delivery method for treating ocular disorders is topical administration, due to its convenience and safety. However, the anterior segment of the eye also has various protective mechanisms for maintaining visual functions. After instillation of an ophthalmic drug, most of it is rapidly eliminated from the precorneal area due to drainage by the nasolacrimal duct and dilution by the tear turnover (approximately 1 pL/min) [17,18]. In addition, there is a finite limit to the size of the dose that can be applied and tolerated by... 

Despite these relatively successful results, transcorneal iontophoresis has never been studied in randomized, clinically controlled studies. The reason could be that the common topical drops treatment is relatively successful in treating most anterior ocular disorders with very few complications even though it requires frequent treatment. 

Head, K.A., Natural therapies for ocular disorder, part two cataracts and glaucoma, Alternative Medicine Review A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic, 6, 141-166, 2001. 

Campochiaro PA. 2006. Potential applications for RNAi to probe pathogenesis and develop new treatments for ocular disorders. Gene Therapy 13 559—562. 

According to the location of diseases, ocular disorders are grouped as periocular and intraocular conditions. Periocular diseases include ... 

Ehlers WH, Donshik PC.AUergic ocular disorders a spectrum of diseases. CLAOJ 1992 18 117-124. 

Because uveitis represents a group of vastly heterogenous ocular disorders with a multitude of etiologic factors, epidemiologic studies of this entity prove to be somewhat challenging. The incidence and prevalence of uveitis, as well as its clinical presentation, may vary widely with regard to geographic location, age, medical history, and... 

This report shows that interferon alfa can be a potent precipitator of extremely severe ocular disorders and also argues for careful ocular surveillance in patients receiving adjuvant interferon alfa for high-risk resected melanoma. 

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