Disease manifestation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus, which causes an inapparent infection in immunocompetent persons. Worldwide, approximately 40% of people are infected with CMV. In immunocompromised patients, transplant recipients and neonates, CMV can cause serious and potentially lethal disease manifestations like pneumonia, retinitis and blindness, hepatitis, infections of the digestive tract, deafness or mental retardation. 

It is important to use these drag with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders, renal disease, or liver impairment. The neuromuscular blocking action of die lincosamides poses a danger to patients widi myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disease manifested by extreme weakness and exhaustion of die muscles). 

Topical antipsoriatics are drugs used in the treatment of psoriasis (a chronic skin disease manifested by bright red patches covered with silvery scales or plaques). These drug help remove tiie plaques associated with this disorder. Examples of antipsoriatics include antiiralin (Anthra-Derm) and calcipotriene (Dovonex). 

Haverkos HW, Pinsky PF, Drotman DP, etal Disease manifestation among homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a possible role of nitrites in Kaposi s sarcoma. Sex Transm Dis 12 203-208, 1985 Haverkos HW, Kopstein AN, Wilson H, et al Nitrite inhalants history, epidemiology, and possible links to AIDS. Environ Health Perspect 102 858-861, 1994 Hernandez-Avila CA, Ortega-Soto HA, Jasso A, et al Treatment of inhalant-induced psychotic disorder with carbamazepine versus haloperidol. Psychiatr Serv49 812— 815, 1998... 

The early stages of bone pathology in rheumatoid disease manifest as periarticular osteoporosis and juxta-articular bone erosion. Osteoclast overactivity is the predominant influence in such bone erosion and NO has a direct inhibitory efiect on osteoclastic bone resorption (MacIntyre et al., 1991). Endothelial cells, present in abundance and in close proximity to the osteoclast may therefore play a role in down-regulating osteoclast activity through the production of NO. Since the osteoclast is of macrophage lineage, it is likely to be... 

The amounts of ointments and creams people apply are highly individualized. So are the techniques of application. Some patients vigorously rub semisolid formulations into the skin, while others just spread films until they are more or less uniform over the desired area. While pharmacokinetic assessments of a system s delivery attributes is ordinarily done using normal skin (in vitro) or on healthy volunteers (in vivo), the site of its clinical deployment is usually anything but normal. Rather, it is determined by the skin condition to be treated. Clearly, the manufacturer is without control over how a disease is expressed in a particular patient. For many diseases, disease manifestation can be anywhere on the body. Moreover, from individual to individual it varies in intensity and vastness. Thus, more area may be involved in one case than in another, and the barrier function of the skin may be more or less intact in any instance. This creates a set of imponderables with respect to delivery, efficacy, and safety. 

Albert Tauber. I d like to give a reference that everyone knows. Sickle-cell is commonly evoked as a great reductionist victory. I treat many patients with sickle-cell anemia, and I can tell you that the genetic defect is not the disease, because the disease manifestation is highly variable. Some patients have an enormous number of pain-crises. Some patients have a lot of haemolysis that s red-cell destruction. Other patients have pulmonary hypertension. And it s obvious that the disease that we call sickle-cell anemia is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon interacting with many many different systems and many other genes. And the bottom line, from a clinical perspective, which is the phenomenon that we call sickle-cell anemia, is that the sickle-cell gene is necessary but not sufficient for the disease. 

Lafora s disease manifest an accumulation of polyglucosan, in the CNS and PNS as well as in other tissues [1]. Lafora s disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and is characterized by epilepsy, myoclonus and dementia. Other neurological manifestations include ataxia, dysarthria, spasticity and rigidity. Onset is in adolescence, and death occurs in most patients before 25 years of age. 

Mutant Tbce mice. Progressive motor neuropathy (PMN), an autosomal recessive murine disease, manifests as weakness beginning within a few weeks of birth [14, 136]. These mice are homozygous for a Trp 524 Gly substitution of Tbce (tubulin-specific chaperone E), localized to mouse chromosome 13 [14]. Tbce mRNA is present in neurons in the spinal cord. Degenerative changes are conspicuous in motor axons, and ultrastructural studies of peripheral nerves of PMN mice disclose reduced numbers of microtubules in these axons. Mutations of the highly conserved Trp524 residue, which appears to influence... 

Frostegard, J. et al., Lipid peroxidation is enhanced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is associated with arterial and renal disease manifestations, Arthritis Rheum., 52, 192, 2005. 

Figure 3. Role of nonhistone protein acetylation in maintaining cellular homeostasis- mis-regulation and disease connection (a) Acetylation of nonhistone proteins are associated with active or repressed chromatin architecture as guided by suitable cellular signals for maintenance of gene expression. Misreg-ulation of HAT function leads to diseased state, where chromatin architecture is altered than under normal condition. In a parallel way the posttranslational modification status of these proteins may act as versatile tool to diagnose the various stages of disease manifestation e.g. probable involvement of acetylated NPMl modulating its stress response function can lead us to use it as a marker for various disease states, (b) Acetylation of nonhistone proteins in connection to diseases like Cancer, AIDS, Diabetes and others. (See Colour Plate 14.)...

The epigenetic codes set by HATs are countered by the activity of the histone deacetylases. This delicate balance has been documented to maintain the cellular homeostasis. HDACs seem to play dual opposing roles in disease manifestation. Dysfunctioning of HDACs are involved in several cancers. In some cases HDACs... 

Elemental Be and its compounds are very poisonous by inhalation or intravenous route. Chronic inhalation of beryUium dusts or fumes can cause a serious lung disease, beryUiosis, after a latent period ranging from several months to many years. Inhalation of airborne dusts can also cause an acute disease manifested as dyspnea, pneumonitis and tracheobronchitis with a short latency period of a few days. Skin contact with soluble salts of the metal can cause dermatitis. Beryllium also is a carcinogen. There is sufficient evidence of its inducing cancer in animals and humans. 

Timmer A (2003) Environmental influences on inflammatory bowel disease manifestations. Lessons from epidemiology. Dig Dis 21(2) 91-104... 

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