Soap tree

The adjuvant activity of saponins has been known for more than 50 years [10]. Commercially available saponins frequently consist of highly heterogeneous preparations of varying composition, sometimes being little more than crude extracts of the bark of the South American soap tree, Quillaja saponaria (Rosaceae), which may be contamined with tannins. The major components, however, are bidesmo-sidic quillaic acid triterpene-saponins [10]. 

In the form of concentrates, some saponins are used as foaming agents, emulsifiers and antioxidants glycyrrhizin from liquorice is used as a sweetener in the manufacture of confectionery and tobacco. In the manufacture of some soft drinks, as well as in the production of the famous English ginger beer, saponins from the soap tree bark Quillaja saponaria, Quillajaceae) are used as foaming agents. Saponins are commonly used also in cosmetic products (shampoos and other hair preparations). 

Common/vernacular names Soapbark, soap tree bark, murillo bark, quillaja, Panama bark, Panama wood, and China bark. 

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

CTO prices are closely tied to the cycles of the U.S. economy and the paper industry. They vary between 120 and 220 per metric ton. In 1995 they were close to 200/t (4). With 50% of pine wood being converted to linerboard valued at 400— 600 per ton, pulp manufacturers do not focus on optimum black Hquor soap recovery, which only amounts of 60—70 kg/1 of southern pine pulp. This soap is converted to 30—35 kg of CTO, worth 6— 7 or less than a Htde over 1% of the pulp value (5). This recovery is only 45% of the CTO available in the pine tree. With more care and higher CTO prices, 10—15 kg of additional CTO could be obtained per ton of pulp (6). 

The use of high concentrations of vanillin in soap perfumery can cause discoloring effects over time, dark or black spots appear on the soap and foaming power is reduced. In some cases, however, the use of Rhodiarome ethylvanillin is possible, because ethylvanillin [121 -32-4] does not cause the same discoloration problems and, being at least three times more powerful than vanillin, can be used alone. Some surprising cases show that with oak or tree mosses and large amounts of methyl ionones, the soap perfume may look fine and have a low discoloration, and yet over time vanillin crystals can appear on the soap itself. 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated dkecfly tall oil fatty acids are isolated from the soaps generated as a by-product of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. Refined tall oil fatty acids are obtained by acidification of the soaps, followed by fractional distillation to separate the fatty acids from the rosin acids and terpene hydrocarbons that also are present in the cmde tall oil fatty acids (see Carboxylic acids Fatty ACIDS FROMTALL OIL). 

Tall oil rosin is obtained from crude tall oil obtained from the Kraft (sulphate) pulping of various coniferous trees in the paper manufacturing industry. During the Kraft pulping process the fatty acids and the resin acids from the coniferous wood are saponified by the alkaline medium. On concentration of the resulting pulping liquor, the sodium soap of these mixed acids rises to the surface from where they are skimmed out. By acidification of this material with sulphuric acid, the crude tall oil is obtained. Fractional steam distillation of the crude tall oil allows the separation of the tall oil fatty acids and the tall oil rosins [21]. 

Tea tree oil comes from an evergreen tree native to Australia. The herb has been used as a nonirritating, antimicrobial for cuts stings wounds burns and acne. It can be found in shampoos soaps and lotions. Tea tree oil should not be ingested orally but is effective when used topically for minor cuts and stings. Tea tree oil is used as an antifungal to relieve and control the symptoms of tinea pedis Topical application is most effective when used in a cream with at least 10% tea tree oil. Several commercially prepared ointments are available. The cream is applied to affected areas twice daily for several weeks... 

The family Sapindaceae consists of 140 genera and 1500 species of trees widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Classic examples of Sapindaceae are the fruit trees Nephelium lappaceum L. and Litchi chinensis Sonn., which provide rambutan and litchi, respectively. Chemically Sapindaceae are well known to abound with saponins and tannins. An example of ornamental Sapindaceae is Koelreuteria paniculata L., or golden rain tree, cultivated in temperate regions. The berries of Sapindus saponaria L., were used as soap by South American Indians, hence the origin of the word Sapindus from sapo and Indus or the soap of the Indies. 

A unique problem in pear trees is the pear psylla, a sapsucking insect that deposits sticky honeydew, which supports the growth of black sooty mold. Spray psylla with Insecticidal soap. The next season, spray with horticultural oil In early spring and again when buds show green. 

Caryophyllene (190) is the main constituent (> 50%) of Copaiba (balsam) oils, which are obtained by steam distillation of the exudate (balsam) from the trunk of several species of Copaifera L. (Fabaceae), a genus of trees growing in the Amazon basin [26]. Copaiba balsam oils and balsams are used mainly as fixatives in soap perfumes. 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated directly tall oil fatty acids arc isolated from the soaps generated as byproducts of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. 

Amber, or fossilized tree sap, is also made up of polymers. Pine trees contain a polymer called rosin. Violinists use rosin to make their bows slide more easily over the violins strings. Gymnasts also use rosin to improve their grips on uneven bars and other gymnastics equipment. Rosin is used in some kinds of soap, too. 

Uses Thiram is a dimethyl dithiocarbamate compound and appears as a white to yellow crystalline powder with a characteristic odor. Thiram is used to prevent crop damage in the field and to protect harvested crops from deterioration in storage or transport. Thiram also is used as a seed protectant and to protect fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and turf crops from a variety of fungal diseases. In addition, it is used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents, and deer. Thiram is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, water suspension formulations, and in mixtures with other fungicides. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sunscreen, and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.17,50,52... 

The red gum tree of the southern United States exudes a yellowish balsamic liquid or gum from wounds, which is known as storax. It is produced by removing a section of bark and incising the wood in much the same manner as that used for the production of naval stores gum described above. Storax is used in medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations, such as adhesives and salves, and as an incense, in perfuming powders and soaps, and for flavoring tobacco. 

If infestation is too severe, however, efforts can be made to bring it under control with pyrethrum-rotenone formulations or with soap or wetting agents, as severe infestation over a number of years weakens the tree. 

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