Crop damage

The xylenes are mildly toxic. They ate mild skin irritants, and skin protection and the cannister-type masks are recommended. The oral LD q value for rats is 4300 ppm. The STEL for humans is 150 ppm. Xylenes show only mild toxicity to fish, and the threshold limit for crop damage is 800—2400 ppm. Biodegradation with activated seed is slow, and sewage digestion is impaired by 0.1% concentrations. In the event of a spih, oil-skimming equipment, adsorbent foam, and charcoal maybe used for cleanup. 

Agricultural Products. Pesticides are frequendy appHed as emulsiftable concentrates. The active insecticide or herbicide is dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent which also contains an emulsifier. Hydrocarbon solvent selection is critical for this appHcation. It can seriously impact the efficacy of the formulation. The solvent should have adequate solvency for the pesticide, promote good dispersion when diluted with water, and have a dash point high enough to minimise dammabiUty ha2ards. When used in herbicide formulas, low solvent phytotoxicity is important to avoid crop damage. Hydrocarbon solvents used in post-harvest appHcation require special testing to ensure that polycycHc aromatics are absent. 

Oil wells, refineries Sewage treatment Crop damage/reduced yields... 

Byproduct from manufacture of fertilizer Crop damage... 

Photochemical smogs arise worldwide because of the action of sunlight on emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles. Decreased visibility, increased morbidity, and crop damage as a result of photochemical smogs led to introduction of the catalytic converter on automobiles in the United States. This has had only a small impact on the occurrence of photochemical smogs in the United States. 

Experimental exposure of several agricultural crops to ambient levels of acidic pollutants has not established measurable yield responses although foliar damage has been observed. Complex interactions with other airborne pollutants, particularly ozone, makes it difficult to exactly establish the damages that may be attributed to acidic deposition 14), It has not been possible to establish any critical level of acidic deposition in relation to crop damages. 

Moore, P.H. Osgood, R.V. (1985). Assessment of sugarcane crop damage and yield loss by high winds of hurricanes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 35, 267-79. 

Nitrogen oxides High-temperature reaction between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen, e.g. during combustion Byproduct from manufacture of fertilizer Adverse health effects Sensory irritants Reduced visibility Crop damage... 

Fluorides Aluminium smelting Manufacture of ceramics, fertilizer Crop damage HF has adverse health effects on cattle fed on contaminated food... 

No significant harmful health effects to humans, animals, or plants are expected from exposure to this pathogen. Some strains have been used as pesticides to control crop damaging insects. ... 

The main trouble with IPM in its presently adopted forms is how to determine the threshold beyond which an intervention is warranted, since the threshold depends on a multitude of factors such as pest population and its likely increase, the intensity of predators and their likely increase, crop damage functions for individual... 

The most economically important materials with respect to ozone damage are paint, elastomers (rubbers), and textile fiber-dye systems. Damage to polyethylene by ozone is considered to be negligible. The 1970 ozone damage to materials has been estimated as follows paint, 540 million elastomers, 569 million and textile fibers and dyes, 84 million—for a total of over 1 billion. Thus, the total combined material and crop damage falls between 1.5 and 2 billion per year. Estimates of damage to natural ecosystems are not available. 

All the present evidence points to phytotoxic steam-volatile fatty acids/ particularly acetic, being a major microbiological factor responsible for the crop damage, and the conditions of ecological significance referred to earlier have been satisfied. However, the toxin is produced only in the straw tissue and its concentration declines exponentially with distance from the straw (13). A correlation of soil acetic acid content with phytotoxicity is therefore neither expected nor found. 

Deschenes, M., Belanger, L. and Giroux, J.-F. 2003. Use of farmland riparian strips by declining and crop damaging birds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95 567-577. 

These four unfortunate guys may be interested in yet another acetylene connection — one that involves the idea of getting stoned. French researchers have found a way to reduce crop damage caused by hail. They have developed a gun equipped with a combustion chamber in which acetylene mixes with air to create an explosion the gun s hornlike barrel is aimed upward to send a shock wave into the clouds. A series of such shock waves breaks up the hail stones, ensuring that the crops below — and people — don t get stoned. 

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