Fatty acid carboxylate

FIGURE 24.8 The mechanism of the acyl-CoA synthetase reaction involves fatty acid carboxylate attack on ATP to form an acyl-adenylate intermediate. The fatty acyl CoA thioester product is formed by CoA attack on this intermediate. 

Figure 27.1 A soap micelle solubilizing a grease particle in water. An electrostatic potential map of a fatty acid carboxylate shows how the negative charge is located in the head group.

Lipids (Fig. 3-12) are insoluble in water and release large amounts of energy when they are metabolized. Lipids are composed of two principal building blocks,/afty acids (Fig. 3-12a), and glycerol (Fig. 3-12b). Three fatty acids (carboxylic... 

CaM), of fatty acid carboxylate to intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP), and of peptides (e.g, melittin) to Ca +-saturated calmodulin (holo CaM)]. We also extended PLIMSTEX to protein-protein interactions involving self associations of various insulins [33]. These are widely studied systems, and their individual K values range from to 10 M h... 

Coconut oil -fatty acid [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - ECONOMIC ASPECTS] (Vol 5) -feedstocks for fatty acids [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - MANUFACTURE] (Vol 5) -use m dairy substitutes pAIRY SUBSTITUTES] (Vol 7)... 

The 1,2-elimination mechanism as shown In Equation 1 is a four-electron orbital symmetry forbidden process (25). Therefore, an alternative mechanism, such as the allowed six electron process shown in Equation 2, may be more likely. If the reaction procedes In this manner, a terminally unsaturated fatty acid carboxylate will be formed just as for the 1,2-elimination. The deuterium labeling... 

Improvements in SIMS and FAB which lead to more intense ion beams are highly desireable because that will permit the information to be obtained for smaller samples and for lower abundance constituents in complex mixtures such as surfactants. Moreover, consecutive activation steps (MS/MS/MS) should be important in investigations of mixtures of complex lipids and related materials. Here one step of collisional activation is necessary to liberate the fatty acid carboxylate and a second step is required to activate the anions. These experiments also require intense ion beams. It is our hope that the analytical possibilities raised by the chemistry discusses here will stimulate further research to improve FAB and SIMS. 

The human stomach and small intestine also contain enzymes that help in the hydrolysis and break-down of proteins, first into shorter chain peptides (this is done with the aid of the enzymes pepsin and trypsin), and then hydrolysed further into individual amino acids with the help of the enzyme peptidase. Any fats in food are also hydrolysed in the stomach with the aid of lipase enzyme to form fatty acids (carboxylic acids). 

Reactions converting acids to esters or vice versa and the exchange of ester groups are among the most widely used in fatty acid and hpid chemistry (Figure 4). They find applications from microscale preparation of methyl esters for GC analysis to the industrial production of oleochemicals and biodiesel. The exchange of groups attached to the fatty acid carboxyl is usually an equihbrium process driven to one product by an excess of one reactant or the removal of one product, and it is usually... 

O ATP is activated by coordination to magnesium ion, and nucleophilic addition of a fatty acid carboxylate to phosphorus then yields a pentacoordinate intermediate... 

A) and glycerol (Fig. 3-8B). Three fatty acids (carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon tails) combine with one molecule of glycerol to form a triglyceride. More complex lipids are formed by the addition of other groups, the most important of which contain phosphorus (Fig. 3-8C). 

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