Seed protection

C<5Cl402. A fungicide mainly used as a seed protectant. Yellow crystals, m.p. 290" C. 

The seeds of the castor plant are produced ia racemes, or clusters of capsules. The capsules each contain three seeds protected by a hull that is removed prior to processiag. The seeds are mottled to varyiag extents, most often with shades of dark brown ovedayiag shades of light brown. Seeds of commercial varieties range from 250 to 1800/kg. The seeds are toxic, and the ingestion of several seeds can be fatal to humans. 

The insecticide heptachlor (FD50 for mice is 82 mg/kg [4]) oxidizes into an epoxy-product in living organisms this product is twice as toxic for practically all species [21, 35]. The insecticide aldrin (FD50 is 40-50 mg/ kg) oxidizes in plants, insects, and invertebrates, as well as in the soil it thus transforms into the seed protectant dieldrin (FD50 is 25-50 mg/kg), which is equally as dangerous to humans [15] aldrin => dieldrin. 

Lu Y, Zhou WZ, Chang Z, Chen W-X and Li L. 2004. Procyanidins from grape seeds protect against phorbol ester-induced oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25(8) 1083-1089. 

Small seeds and root crops are unsuitable for sheet mulches in the first year, but in the following season the surface of the ground should be crumbly and very suitable for sowing. It is useful to continue to keep the soil mulched to prevent the germination of weed seeds, protect the soil from crusting after heavy rain, and conserve moisture. 

The toxicity of mercury compound has caused a drastic reduction in their use. They were once of considerable importance in agriculture and medicine but their use is now restricted in most parts of the world. Hence their use as fungicides in crop and seed protection is prohibited in many countries and the pharmaceutical applications are very limited. 

Kaviarasan, S., Vijayalakshmi, K., and Anuradha, C.V., 2004, Polyphenol-rich extract of fenugreek seeds protect erythrocytes from oxidative damage, Plant Foods Hum. Nutrition 59 143-147. 

Aldini G, Carini M, Piccoli A, Rossoni G Facino RM. 2003. Procyanidins from grape seeds protect endothelial cells from peroxynitrite damage and enhance endothelium-dependent relaxation in human artery New evidences for cardio-protection. Life Sci 73 2883-2898. 

Uses Thiram is a dimethyl dithiocarbamate compound and appears as a white to yellow crystalline powder with a characteristic odor. Thiram is used to prevent crop damage in the field and to protect harvested crops from deterioration in storage or transport. Thiram also is used as a seed protectant and to protect fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and turf crops from a variety of fungal diseases. In addition, it is used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents, and deer. Thiram is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, water suspension formulations, and in mixtures with other fungicides. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sunscreen, and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.17,50,52... 

Granules are mostly used for application to soil and water. They are useful in variety of insect control situations. Examples include application to the seed bed for seed protection, broadcasting and tilling into the soil for soil insect control, application to growing crops for either foliar or soil insect control, and application to ponds for mosquito control. They are easy to apply and are not as likely to drift as dusts or spray. They have less tendency to adhere to foliage and can thus be applied to soil surface through a canopy of leaves. Researchers often find that when different formulations of a toxicant are compared, the granules perform better. 

SYNS AACAPTAN AGROSOL S AGROX2-WAY and 3-WAY AMERCIDE BANGTON BEAN SEED PROTECTANT CAPTAF CAPTANCAPTENEET 26,538 CAPTANE CAPTAN-STREPTOMYCIN 7.5-0.1 POTATO SEED PIECE PROTECTANT CAPTEX ... 

METHYL-1,4-OXATHIIN-5-CARBOXANILIDE 5,6-DIHYDRO-2-METHYL-l,4-OXATHIIN-3-CARBOX-ANILIDE 5,6-DIHYDRO-2-METHYL-N-PHENYL-l,4-OXATHIIN-3-CARBOXAMIDE F 735 FLO PRO V SEED PROTECTANT VITAVAX... 

PHYGON SEED PROTECTANT PHYGON XL QUINTAR QUINTAR 540F SANQUINON UNIROYAL USR 604 U.S. RUBBER 604... 

SYNS ARTHO LM LIQUI-SAN LM SEED PROTECTANT METASOL METAZOL 8-(METHYLMERCURIOXY)QUINOLINE METHYLMERCURY (3-HYDROXYQUINOLATE METHYLMERCURY 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINATE Q METHYLMERCURY OXINATE METHYLMERCURY OXYQUINOLINATE ORTHO-LM APPLE SPRAY ORTHO LM CONCENTRATE ORTHO LM SEED PROTECTANT 8-(QUINOLINOLATO)METHYL MERCURY 8-QUINOLINOL, MERCURY COMPLEX... 

ORTHO GRASS KILLER see CBMOOO ORTHOHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID see SAIOOO ORTHOHYDROXYDIPHENYL see BGJ250 ORTHO-KLOR see CDR750 ORTHO LIO DUST see LCKOOO ORTHO LIO DUST see LCKIOO ORTHO L40 DUST see LCKOOO ORTHO-LM APPLE SPRAY see MLHOOO ORTHO LM CONCENTRATE see MLHOOO ORTHO LM SEED PROTECTANT see MLHOOO ORTHO MALATHION see MM< 700 ORTHO-MITE see SOP500... 

The first member of this group, chloranil, was first used as a fungicide in 1938. It was found to be useful as a seed protectant and foliage fungicide for downey mildew. The more popular, related derivative known as dichlone was used on a number of fruit and vegetable crops and for the control of blue-green alge in ponds. 

Fuberidazol is used to combat snow mold, and mainly in combination with other substances for cereal seed stock disinfection. It was one of the first organic fungicides able to replace organic mercury as a seed protectant. 

Winterization of sunflower oil is usually referred to as dewaxing. Improved techniques have emerged in recent years with the appearance of seed varieties of high oil and additional wax contents. As the improvements in oil yield (higher than 40% for these seeds) have been obtained at the expense of a reduction in hull thickness, the concentration of seed protection substances (waxes) in the hull has also been increased. The concentration of wax in hulls of improved hybrids may be as high as 3-4-%, compared with 1% in hulls of the traditional seeds. Around 83% of the wax content is in the seed hull, 17% in the seedcoat and traces are in the seed. 

Facin6, R.M. Carini, M. Aldini, G. Berti, F. Rossoni, G. Bombardelli, E. Morazzoni, P. Procyanidines from Vitis vinifera seeds protect rabbit heart from ischemia/ reperfusion injury antioxidant intervention and/or iron and copper sequestering ability. Planta Med. 1996, 62, 495-502. 

Captafol is a widely used broad-spectrum contact fungicide belonging to the class of sulfanilamides. It is effective for the control of a wide variety of fungal diseases in plants and is widely used outside the United States to control foliage and fruit diseases on apples, citrus, tomato, cranberry, sweet corn, barley, wheat, and several other plants. Captafol is also extensively used as a seed protectant in cotton, peanuts, and rice. It is also used to reduce losses from wood rot fungi in logs and wood products. 

Seed protection These protect agricultural seeds. 

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