Production systems modular system

These criteria are also valid in equal measures for modular technical systems. The precise definition of product modularity is provided by articulating a product system modularity construct in the domain of tangible assembled artifacts [3]. It focuses product modularity to the criteria of component separability and component combinability. This definition is finally related to other definitional perspectives synthesized by a literature review component commonality, function binding, interface standardization, and loose coupling. The nomological network of the product modularity construct is derived from it and subject to further validation. 

Salvador F (2007) Toward a product system modularity construct literature review and reconceptualization. IEEE Trans Eng Manag 54(2) 219-240... 

The culture module greatly facilitated homogeneous distribution of seeded cells and cultivation of a large number of cells under identical conditions. In addition, the module required a smaller volume of medium than standard cell culture systems. Importantly, this modular system provides the great advantages of scalability and safety because cell processing can be performed in a closed system. Thus, the modules facilitate the production of cells that are safe for use in cell transplantation therapies. 

Vulcanisation using hot air systems remains the most important production system for profile production. Hot air can be used alone but can also be supplemented by the addition of infrared heaters. The systems usually consist of modular units which can be built up into the required length. Air speed can usually be controlled and the compound throughput can be adjusted from speeds of 2.5 m/sec up to 20 m/sec. These systems are sufficient for thin section profiles, but thicker articles will require slower transport speeds. Addition of microwave systems to these units... 

In the chlorate industry, EMOS has proven its utility and cost-effectiveness in several production units throughout North America. It has been developed from an industrial perspective based on a flexible modular system and has demonstrated good reliability with over five years of continuous operation in some chlorate facilities. The system can be installed inside a few days requiring minimal shutdown of production facilities. Its operation is simple and non-intrusive on the normal control of the electrolyser process. 

Fully automated systems can be purchased off the shelf or fully customized. Customized systems offer exactly what the customer wants and needs, for example a system might be optimized for one high volume product. Off the shelf systems are available that are fully integrated systems with components designed by the provider. As with the semiautomated systems modular approaches are also available primarily through automation companies. Modular approaches allow the use of standard industry apparatus that the user already owns and uses (Fig. 5). 

A more recent and improved means of timing the ignition of piped match is provided by an Italian product called PYROCLOCK. This is a modular system containing vented delay elements with burn times of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 seconds. 

The modular system, Ecoflex and Ecovio , also fulfill aU the requirements for the production of other flexible film applications like adhesive tapes or disposable gloves, because the ratio of stiffness/flexibihty can be adjusted by the Ecoflex content. All Ecovio -Ecoflex combinations can be reduced in film thicknesses down to <10 pm. 

The MiniPERM bioreactor is our method of choice for the high-density culture of hybridoma cells (Fig. 1). The modular system, consisting of a 40-mL disposable culture chamber and a 550-mL reusable nutrient module separated by a dialysis membrane (12.5 kDa molecular weight cutoff), allows for the production of a low-volume, high-density cell population with a correspondingly high antibody yield. 

Although the natural products of aromatic PKSs can be much more challenging to predict, their enzymes are much smaller and are often considered to be more tractable to routine heterologous expression, genetic modification and protein structure determination. Indeed, because large modular systems are so much more difficult to work with in vitro, much of what we now know about modular systems has been inferred from direct analogy to biochemical studies of aromatic systems. Aromatic PKSs can now be classified into several specialised families based upon both chemical product type and domain structure. Notably, NRPS analogues of the aromatic PKSs have not been observed. 

The Type II PKSs, of which the actinorhodin cluster is the model, consist minimally of an ACP and a heterodimeric ketosynthase complex and typically construct 2-4 ring aromatic molecules. Unlike modular systems, Type II PKSs are found as discrete proteins which probably associate as a complex and their reaction mechanism is iterative. Therefore, predicting the resulting size and cyclisation pattern of a Type II PKS product can be problematic, though enough systems have been studied that phylogenetic analysis is often helpful. 

Basic steel stud construction with gypsum board paneling can be used in biophar-maceutical clean rooms when appropriately coated with a nonshedding finish. Modular wall systems utilizing coated steel or aluminum panel construction are growing in popularity due to the ability to easily retrofit a lab or production space at a later date with minimal disruption and construction debris. Stainless steel may be appropriate but costly. Modular systems have been developed that address the concerns of the biopharmaceutical clean-room user relative to surface finish integrity and smooth surfaces. The joint between adjacent modular panels is commonly treated with a gunnable sealant to provide a smooth, cleanable joint that will not hold contaminants. 

Since PV electrolysis plants are modular in design, it is possible to couple the expansion of PV electrolysis plants to growth in the FCV market. The creation of a H2 production and distribution system is contingent on the development of a working partnership between PV, electrolyser, automobile, pipeline, metal mining and retail fuel companies. The capital investments required for the construction of a PV electrolytic H2 production and distribution system is comparable to the capital investments in the construction of the cable and satellite infrastructure for the information technology industries in the latter part of the 20th century. 

Modular systems of the latest type for the production of images and documentation of thin-layer chromatograms consist of four components. 

Another modular system is often called laboratory equipment it can be used for small scale production and for the laboratory evaluation of small samples. Fig. 11.26 depicts the design and some of the accessories. In the most simple execution a hopper feeds a pair of rollers which are driven by a hand crank. The rollers can be solid and may be equipped with compacting or briquetting surfaces (see Section 8.4.3) or two perforated, geared, intermeshing pelleting rolls (see Section 8.4.2) are installed to accomplish medium pressure extrusion. In a modular fashion the rollers can be motorized, screw feeders can be added, and the rolls may be oriented vertical or horizontal or in any other direction. As shown in the photographs of Fig. 11.27 the roller frame can be totally enclosed for dust control if toxic or hazardous materials are processed. A panel includes controls and instrumentation for data display and collection. 

In view of the now often required validation and documentation, especially in the pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food but increasingly also in other industries (e.g., specialty and fine chemicals, high-performance powder metallurgy, and nanotechnology), conventional and multi-product or -purpose plant designs must be weighed against the use of modular systems [10.5, 10.6]. 

Modularity Accommodating the change in product volumes through systems that operate at a variety of rates. 

The Oeko-Tex Association has proposed a modular system of certification. A product certification process according to OEKO-TEX Standard 100 has a modular structure textile products can be tested and certified at any production stage (including the manufacturing of accessories). Certificates can be issued for ... 

Fig. 2.99 Modular system of solar fuel production through CO2 utilization and cycling.

In particular, the DCF systems are suitable for the chemical process that involves toxic and explosive chemicals to reduce the possibility of chemical accidents. The DCF system modularized by the potable components can be also deployed in the extraordinary circumstances or special market. For example, the DCF system is a useful system to produce drinkable water and emergent medicines in the disaster area or war zone or nutritional supplements in the starvation area. The total automation will make this easier to operate and distribute products over the areas. Also, the small size of DCF systems can contribute to the decentralization of industry. The storage and transportation cost would be reduced and local residents would produce their own chemicals on their own demand near their home. Moreover, the compact and versatile DCF systems that can be readily carried to spaceship may contribute for accelerating new pursuit on research and development in the fields of space science and technology. 

The actual relationships defined in the system design are called the architecture. There are two extremes that are considered in system architecture, integrated and modular. Modular systems are made up of components or modules that have clear interfaces with each other, and are easily visualized as systems. Integrated products, on the other hand, appear to be a single element, with what interfaces exist being so soft and blurred as to be hard to identify. Each of these styles has its advantages. Integration allows the device to be technically more efficient. With the overall device optimized, there is no loss due to inefficiencies of connections, etc. 

Postponement refers to efforts to customize products for delivery as late in the production process as possible. It supports the just-in-time principle from the Toyota Production System. Postponement relies on modular design, common components, quick deployment of manufacturing resources, and cost-effective customization that occurs as late in the production cycle as possible. 

Phase two involved removal of the existing service headframe infrastructure, erection of the new production headframe and interfacing the constructed penthouse. In an effort to minimize the construction time, an early works program was developed and a modular system was designed to facilitate construction from the top down. 

For retailers (e.g., Amazon), leadtime performance is purely determined by the structure and execution of inventory and distribution policies. But for firms that also manufacture or assemble products (e.g., Dell), the production function is also a driver of performance. Of course, all of the usual methods for achieving manufacturing efficiency (lean, agile, cellular manufacturing, etc.) are relevant to e-commerce settings. As we have noted above, modular product architectures and assemble-to-order production systems are particularly well-adapted to supporting quick-response manufacturing with which to support an e-commerce system. Since the issues of speed, variety, quality and flexibility were clearly priorities prior to the advent of e-commerce, research that addresses these remains relevant but has not been radically affected by the Internet. 

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