Manufacturing efficiency

Continuous Saponification Systems. A relatively recent innovation in the production of soap, these systems have led to improved manufacturing efficiency and considerably shorter processing times. There are a number of commercial systems available even though these systems are different in design aspects or specific operations, they all saponify fats and oils to finished soap using the same general process (Fig. 3). 

Manufacturing efficiency embodies a wide variety of topics far beyond the scope of this book. However, a materials utilization factor will be defined and characterized for composite materials and metals as a... 

In the early part of the 1990s deliberations on appliance efficiency standards appeared to be heading toward greater consensus. Manufacturers, efficiency advocates, and states joined together to discuss a negotiated joint proposal for the second DOE revision under NAECA of refrigerator standards, which was to be issued in 1995. All major parties submitted a joint proposal to DOE in late 1994. 

Type Tray Manufacturer Efficiency Capacity Turn-down Pressure Drop Operating Flexibility... 

The formulation for soft gelatin capsules involves liquid rather than powder technology. Materials are generally formulated to produce the smallest possible capsule consistent with maximum stability, therapeutic effectiveness, and manufacture efficiency [3],... 

The FDA also introduces the concept of process analytical technology (PAT). PAT refers to systems that are used to analyze, monitor, and control manufacturing processes on a continuous basis. The quality attributes and specifications of raw materials, in-process intermediates, and processes are measured in real time and compared with predetermined parameters so that deviations can be rectified in a proactive nature to assure that the end products conform to the level of quality as expected. It is believed that a system based on PAT being implemented in a real-time manner would improve manufacturing efficiency and simultaneously retain or improve the product quality through these interactive measurements and controls. 

In addition to the advantages of the composite plate over the traditional graphite plate mentioned before, the carbon/carbon composite plates have the advantage of lower densify (about 30% lower than the thermoset- or thermoplastic-based composite plates [16]) and higher manufacturing efficiency. This offers the potential of continuous production in comparison with the machining process for graphife plates. 

PAT is maturing as new concepts to the pharmaceutical industry such as quality by design (QbD) are being clarihed. There is still a long way to go to create common practices and definitions (e.g., how to build, dehne, and describe a design space) but this is an area of increased activity with promise to improve manufacturing efficiencies and product quality in aU industries. A thorough discussion of how QbD can be used to ensure pharmaceutical quality is presented by Yu. ... 

CIP systems are commonly used to eliminate environmental and personnel exposure to the contaminant. They are effective when the shutdown and disassembly of equipment in production would impact manufacturing efficiency. They are also used to improve the consistency and reproducibility of the cleaning process. 

As described within the Q8 guideline, a design space is the multidimensional combination and interaction of input variables and process parameters that have been demonstrated to provide assurance of quahty. So long as process control is maintained within the bounds of the design space, operating parameters can be adjusted to improve product quality or manufacturing efficiency. Based on the... 

This is because of lower raw materials costs through increased production on the part of the resin manufacturers as well as continuing manufacturing efficiencies effected by the mill shape processors. 

In the case where stability issues prevent the pursuit of the preferred formulation, then it becomes more important to optimize the dry granulation process to achieve an improved uniformity of drug as a function of particle size. For these cases, it is important to consider the impact of the optimized granulation on tableting performance. Although it is important to consider the commercial manufacturing efficiency, the process challenges that impact quality are of primary importance. 

The role that acrylic processing aids play in compound processability, end product properties and manufacturing efficiency has been reviewed (79). The functions of acrylic process aids, with very high molecular weight, have also been discussed from a rheological point of view (290). Co-stabilising process aids have also been developed (335). 

At the gin, baled cotton is sampled so that grade and other quality parameters can be determined and the cotton is classed at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) classing offices. Classification is a way of measuring the fiber quality and physical attributes of this natural product that affect the manufacturing efficiency and quality of the finished product (see Chapter 8). Cotton bales are usually stored in warehouses prior to going to the textile mill [42]. 

Cotton bale weights vary from about 375 to 515 lb (170 to 233 kg) depending on the country in which they are produced (see Table 1.1). A pound of cotton contains 100 million or more individual fibers and each individual fiber varies in properties along its length from one end to the other. Cotton classification is a practical, cost-efficient way of measuring the general quality and physical attributes of bales of cotton fiber that affect the quality of the finished product and manufacturing efficiency and allows a market value to be established for the cotton to facilitate utilization. 

This is used for an item of relatively small diameter and low density. The manufacturing efficiency is higher than that of the step by step method described as follows. 

Air-suspension particle/tablet coating and electronic monitoring of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing s tablet presses improved product quality and manufacturing efficiency. 

A number of these attributes, best technology practices and features, were rated for their industrial and pharmaceutical importance and reported by Miller and Sheskey in 2001. Ultimately, today s roller compaction technology offers a continuous process with better process controls, manufacturing efficiencies, and environmental protection than an archaic slugging process technology. 

The most common method of drug delivery is the oral solid dosage form, of which tablets and capsules are predominant. The tablet is more widely accepted and used compared to capsules for a number of reasons, such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of handling and packaging, ease of identification, and manufacturing efficiency. Over the past several years, the issue of tamper resistance has resulted in the conversion of most over-the-counter drugs from capsules to predominantly all tablets. 

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