Textile Products

Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. Other boron compounds show promise in treating arthritis. 

The ratio of stress to strain in the initial linear portion of the stress—strain curve indicates the abiUty of a material to resist deformation and return to its original form. This modulus of elasticity, or Young s modulus, is related to many of the mechanical performance characteristics of textile products. The modulus of elasticity can be affected by drawing, ie, elongating the fiber environment, ie, wet or dry, temperature or other procedures. Values for commercial acetate and triacetate fibers are generally in the 2.2—4.0 N/tex (25—45 gf/den) range. 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Textile uses are a relatively stable area and consist of the lamination of polyester foams to textile products, usually by flame lamination or electronic heat sealing techniques. Flexible or semirigid foams are used in engineered packaging in the form of special slab material. Flexible foams are also used to make filters (reticulated foam), sponges, scmbbers, fabric softener carriers, squeegees, paint appHcators, and directly appHed foam carpet backing. 

In addition to their role in composites, high performance fibers are also found in coated and laminated textile products, three-dimensional fabric stmctures, multifunctional property improvement, and intelligent or self-adaptive materials. 

Composites. Various composite materials have evolved over the years as a significant class of high performance textile products. The prototype composite is carbon fiber with an epoxy resin matrix for stmctural akcraft components and other aerospace and military appHcations. Carbon fiber composites ate also used in various leisure and spotting items such as golf clubs, tennis rackets, and lightweight bicycle frames. However, other types of appHcations and composites ate also entering the marketplace. For example, short ceUulose fiber/mbbet composites ate used for hoses, belting, and pneumatic tire components. 

Transportation. High performance fibers and high technology textile products have many appHcations ia the transportation area. Composites are increasingly used as stmctural materials ia aircraft components such as horizontal stabilizers, fins, landing gear doors, fan blades, and nose spia cones. 

Requirements for space suits are more complex and frequently involve garments that can circulate water and/or air through the fibrous assembly. Laminated and/or coated garments with specific requirements to pressure, radiation, temperature, and humidity are more stmcturaHy complex as a textile product relative to the types of fibers used in this aerospace fabrication. 

Commercial and Artificial Processing. Commercially, silkworm cocoons are extracted in hot soapy water to remove the sticky sericin protein. The remaining fibroin or stmctural sdk is reeled onto spools, yielding approximately 300—1200 m of usable thread per cocoon. These threads can be dyed or modified for textile appUcations. Production levels of sdk textiles in 1992 were 67,000 metric tons worldwide. The highest levels were in China, at 30,000 t, foUowed byJapan, at 17,000 t, and other Asian and Oceanian countries, at 14,000 t (24). Less than 3000 metric tons are produced annually in each of eastern Europe, western Europe, and Latin America almost no production exists in North America, the Middle East, or Africa. 1993 projections were for a continued worldwide increase in sdk textile production to 75,000 metric tons by 1997 and 90,000 metric tons by 2002 (24). 

R. S. Meikel, Textile Product Serviceability, Macmillan, New Yoik, 1991. 

IVAX Industries Inc., Textile Products Division Leatex Chemical Co. 

Consumption. Anthraquinone dyes are the most important dye class after azo dyes. Wodd textile production is estimated in Table 14. Estimates of the consumption of dyes for textiles ate given in Figure 14, together with the figures for fiber consumption. This shows that the consumption of each dye class or classes is approximately parallel to the consumption of fibers to which they ate apphed. 

Schiffll machine embroideries 2399 Fabricated textile products, n.e.c. ... 

Frazier test Measures the amount of air transmitted through a filter under selected differential pressures. Historically used for textile products. 

Textile products are particularly sensitive to iron, which discolors the product. Many washing operations, as in metal finishing, require softened water to avoid staining... 

Walser et al. [65] have published a LCA study using inventory data for polyester (PET) textile production. The authors also noticed that the data in the Ecoinvent database [66] on cotton and bast fibers do not specify the yam size, which has an important influence on energy use. 

Besides its biological significance, the silkworm has economic value. Silk has been a major natural fiber used in textile production for millennia. By utilizing CBP, coloration of a natural fiber by transport of a natural pigment based on molecular genetic engineering has been achieved (Sakudoh et al. 2007). Determination of other genes for cocoon color may lead to the ability to produce custom-colored silks, which may have an impact on the textile industry. 

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