Laboratory evaluations

E. R. Panick, L. R. Smith, J. A. Russell and W. E. Likos, "Laboratory Evaluation of Safety-Related Additives for Neat Methanol Euel," SAP Paper 902156, (SP 840), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., Oct. 1990. 

The legal basis for the sale of fertilizers throughout the world is laboratory evaluation of content as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. By convention, numerical expression of the available nutrient content of a fertilizer is by three successive numbers that represent the percent available of N, P20, and K O, respectively. Thus, for example, a 20—10—5 fertilizer contains available nitrogen in the amount of 20% by weight of N, available phosphoms in amount equivalent to 10% of P2O5, and available potassium in amount equivalent to 5% K O. The numerical expression of these three numbers is commonly referred to as the analysis or grade of the fertilizer. Accepted procedures for laboratory analysis are fixed by laws that vary somewhat from country to country. 

D. S. Duvall and W. A. Rubey, "Laboratory Evaluation of High Temperature Destmction of Kepone and Related Pesticides," EPA-600/2-76-299, NTIS, Springfield, Va., Dec. 1976. 

Brown and Fessler have conducted a laboratory evaluation of conductive mastics that can be brushed or sprayed onto the concrete surface to achieve the necessary thickness. However, the most extensive study on conductive paints for cathodic protection purposes has been undertaken by the Federal Highway AuthorityA total of nine commercially available resins were evaluated in this work. It was shown that neither thermal cycling, freeze thawing nor the application of cathodic protection currents... 

Fig, 19.12 Rig used for a laboratory evaluation of weathering steels, (a) General layout of rig showing unimmersed and immersed position and (b) detailed view of central portion of cabinet (after Bromley, Kilcullen and Stanners )... 

Legault, Mori and Leckie have used open-circuit potential vs. time measurements and cathodic reduction of rust patinas for the rapid laboratory evaluation of the performance of low-alloy weathering steels. The steel specimens are first exposed for 48 h to the vapour of an 0-(X)l mol dm sodium bisulphite solution maintained at 54°C (humid SOj-containing atmosphere) to stimulate corrosion under atmospheric conditions. They are then subjected to two types of test (tt) open-circuit potential-time tests for periods up to 3 000 s in either distilled water or 0 -1 mol dm Na2S04 and... 

A small extraction system, consisting of a total of 18 cells, was used for laboratory evaluation of the process. The volumes of the mixer and settler were 10 ml and 30 ml, respectively. Production capacity of the system was 200-300 ml per hour. The cells were divided among the functions as follows extraction - 8 cells, washing - 3 cells, stripping - 8 cells. Several experiments were performed using the laboratory system. 

Mechanistic Approaches. Adequate and appropriate river-quality assessment must provide predictive information on the possible consequences of water and land development. This requires an understanding of the relevant cause and effect relationships and suitable data to develop predictive models for basin management. This understanding may be achieved through qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative approaches. When quantitative or semi-quantitative methods are not available the qualitative approach must be applied. Qualitative assessments involve knowledge of how basin activities may affect river quality. This requires the use of various descriptive methods. An example of this kind of assessment is laboratory evaluation of the extent to which increases in plant nutrients, temperature or flow may lead to accelerated eutrophication with consequent reduction of water quality. 

Limited results from clinical laboratory evaluations suggested that the GABAj l agonists zaleplon (Rush et al. 1999b) and Zolpidem (Rush et al. 1999a) produce effects that are consistent with abuse potential comparable to that of the benzodiazepine triazolam. The reported incidence of dependence on Zolpidem in the medical literature is low, compared with that for benzodiazepines, and is characterized by use of high doses, often in individuals with a history of substance abuse (Hajak et al. 2003 Vartzopoulos et al. 2000). 

Mortimer, K. V. Tranter, T. C. (1969). A preliminary laboratory evaluation of polycarboxylate cements. British Dental Journal, 127, 365-9. 

A fully automated instrumental procedure has been developed for analyzing residual corrosion inhibitors in production waters in the field. The method uses ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence spectrophotometric techniques to characterize different types of corrosion inhibitors. Laboratory evaluations showed that fluorescence is more suitable for field application because errors from high salinity, contamination, and matrix effect are minimized in fluorescence analysis. Comparison of the automated fluorescence technique with the classic extraction-dye transfer technique showed definite advantages of the former with respect to ease, speed, accuracy, and precision [1658],... 

Three laboratories in addition to NIST participated in an inter-laboratory evaluation of the CHR template. All of the laboratories essentially followed the NIST protocol. Three of the four labs found essentially the same polymorphisms. Laboratory 4, who had less experience with sequencing mtDNA, did find differences that the other laboratories did not observe. The differences noted by Laboratory 4 confirm and emphasize the need for a standard reference material for sequencing mtDNA. Had Laboratory 4 had run NIST mtDNA SRM 2392 simultaneously with their unknown sample, they would have realized that they were finding an undue number of differences and could have reexamined their procedures to try to determine the reason for these differences. 

Hypertension caused by any of these conditions is referred to as secondary hypertension. Identification of a secondary cause of hypertension is often not initially pursued unless suggested by routine clinical and laboratory evaluation of the patient, or failure to achieve blood pressure control. 

Onset is typically in early adulthood. Anxiety emerges and dissipates more gradually than in PD. Laboratory evaluation usually is reserved for later onset, atypical presentation, or poor response to treatment. 

Typically presents in late adolescence or early adulthood. Onset in older adults increases suspicion of relationship to medical disorders or substance use. Laboratory evaluation must be driven by history and physical examination. 

At minimum, yearly laboratory evaluation of serum lipids, urinary microalbumin, and serum creatinine should be performed. If the patient is on a thiazolidinedione, liver function tests should be performed at least once a year. 

Vasomotor symptoms, as well as other menopausal symptoms, occur in over 50% of perimenopausal women and over 80% of menopausal women.5 Menopausal symptoms tend to be more severe in women who undergo surgical menopause compared with natural menopause because of the more rapid decline in estrogen concentrations. Women who seek medical treatment should undergo laboratory evaluation to rule out other conditions that may present with similar symptoms, such as abnormal thyroid function or pituitary adenoma. Once other conditions have been excluded, HRT should be considered. 

Successful therapy for ED results in an increase in erections suitable for intercourse, and most importantly in an improvement in the patient s quality of life. Ideally, the therapy chosen is free of significant adverse effects, discomfort, and inconvenience. Laboratory evaluation and a physical exam are not necessary for evaluation of effectiveness, but may be necessary to determine if adverse events are occurring. 

A standard initial laboratory evaluation for anemia includes a complete blood count (evaluation of the serum hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration, white blood cell count, platelets), measurement of the red blood cell count and size, and review of peripheral smear. 

Work is in progress to validate the MAE method, proposed for EPA, in a multi-laboratory evaluation study. Nothing similar has been reported for additives in polymeric matrices. Dean el al. [452] have reviewed microwave-assisted solvent extraction in environmental organic analysis. Chee et al. [468] have reported MAE of phthalate esters (DMP, DEP, DAP, DBP, BBP, DEHP) from marine sediments. The focus to date has centred on extractions from solid samples. However, recent experience suggests that MAE may also be important for extractions from liquids. 

Nonanalytical Variables Affecting the Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostasis. 157... 

Norman, L.R., Conway, M.W. and Wilson J.M. "Temperature Stable Acid Gelling Polymers. Laboratory Evaluation and Field Results," SPE paper 10260, 1981 SPE Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of AIME, San Antonio, October 5 7. 

Fell GS. 1984. Review article Lead toxicity Problems of definition and laboratory evaluation. Ann Clin Biochem 21 453-460. 

The Inorganic Syntheses series is published to provide all users of inorganic substances with detailed and foolproof procedures for the preparation of important and timely compounds. Thus the series is the concern of the entire scientific community. The Editorial Board hopes that all chemists will share in the responsibility of producing Inorganic Syntheses by offering their advice and assistance both in the formulation and laboratory evaluation of outstanding syntheses. Help of this type will be invaluable in achieving excellence and pertinence to current scientific interests. 

Winger, P.V., M.J. Imlay, W.E. McMillan, T.W. Martin, J. Takekawa, and W.W. Johnson. 1984. Field and laboratory evaluation of the influence of copper-diquat on apple snails in southern Florida. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3 409-424. 

Rodrigues, C.S. and N.K. Kaushik. 1986. Laboratory evaluation of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron against black fly (diptera simulidae) larvae and its effects on nontarget stream invertebrates. Canad. Entomol. 118 549-558. 

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