Modular approach

Modular Approach and Three-Dimensional Solid Modeling... 

Figure 13.14 Convergence of recycle loops using the sequential modular approach.

Of course, the two approaches can be combined and the sequential modular approach used to provide an initialization for the equation-oriented approach. 

Bhunia, A. K. and Miller, S. C. (2007). Labeling tetracysteine-tagged proteins with a SplAsH of color A modular approach to bis-arsenical fluorophores. Chembiochem 8, 1642-5. 

This system is described in a concept and in annexes to the concept, and is the culmination of a review of all possible approaches to mobilisation. The concept and annexes propose a modular approach, with a limited stockpile at headquarters, and sufficient stockpiles within States Parties in various regions. These stockpiles would be ready to be mobilised within hours by one direct airlift. A limited stockpile could be deployed within hours after the receipt of a request, along with the OPCW s assistance coordination and assessment team (ACAT). The team would assess the needs of the requesting State Party, and on that basis, the assets stockpiled within States Parties would be dispatched. The Secretariat would ensure that the stockpiles met the necessary requirements, and were available when needed. 

The modular approach is based upon the current capacity of the OPCW in terms of offers of assistance by States Parties (in the form of material and personnel), and the capacity of the Secretariat to store, maintain, transport, and distribute the items and resources most likely to be needed should a CW-related emergency arise. The components of this approach would involve a central stockpile of resources and equipment in the Organisation s headquarters, available for immediate dispatch to a requesting State Party, and in addition, stockpiles of resources which have been offered by States Parties and organised in the form of modules. The modules would be categorised into basic assistance modules (BAMs) for emergency assistance, and specialised assistance modules (SAMs) for supplementary and humanitarian assistance. The Secretariat would store BAMs and a very limited stockpile of humanitarian assistance, while both BAMs and SAMs would be stockpiled by the States Parties. The basic module could consist of pallet-packed items, ready to be airlifted within 12 hours after the request for assistance has been received. The BAMs in the headquarters stockpile will be identical to the BAMs stored by States Parties. This will facilitate identification, packing, dispatch, and the delivery of assistance. 

Chen, H. S. and M. A. Stadtherr. A Simultaneous-Modular Approach to Process Flowsheeting and Optimization I. Theory and Implementation. AIChE J 30 1843-1856 (1984). 

Prior to their work with the Strecker reaction the Jacobsen group reported a combinatorial approach to the discovery of coordination complexes (29). A modular approach was taken in the synthesis of libraries of potential ligands for transition metals. Four variable components were used. Two amino acids were placed at positions 1 and 2, with a turn element connecting these groups (Scheme 9). The... 

Sequential hydrolysis, 10 536 Sequential modular approach, 20 730 Sequential polymerization, 24 704 Sequential proportioning, 26 249 Sequential substitution reactions, 16 361 Sequential synthesis film fabricatior, 17 447... 

When starting to develop functional requirements we often observe the tendency to want to automate everything. In fact, there must be trade-offs between cost and benefits. Yes, it is possible to automate just about everything however, the increased time and expense may not be worthwhile. Previous experience on the part of the developer can be very helpful. This is also an area where standardized workstations or modular approaches to automation are useful. 

Fully automated systems can be purchased off the shelf or fully customized. Customized systems offer exactly what the customer wants and needs, for example a system might be optimized for one high volume product. Off the shelf systems are available that are fully integrated systems with components designed by the provider. As with the semiautomated systems modular approaches are also available primarily through automation companies. Modular approaches allow the use of standard industry apparatus that the user already owns and uses (Fig. 5). 

The central topic of the book was the integration of microhotplate-based metal-oxide gas sensors with the associated circuitry to arrive at single-chip systems. Innovative microhotplate designs, dedicated post-CMOS micromachining steps, and novel system architectures have been developed to reach this goal. The book includes a multitude of building blocks for an application-specific sensor system design based on a modular approach. 

Note that this formulation illustrates an interesting trade-off for the optimization problem. In the modular mode the optimization problem remains fairly small and function evaluations (e.g., the reactor model) are expensive. With the simultaneous formulation, the model becomes a set of equations whose right-hand sides are much cheaper to evaluate, but the size of the optimization problem increases. Nevertheless, Vasantharajan and Biegler (1988b) showed that, even without SQP decomposition, the simultaneous approach for the reactor was 38% cheaper for the entire flowsheet optimization than the modular approach. Moreover, the number of function evaluations for the reactor model decreased by over an order of magnitude. 

Holbaeh, M. Week, M. (2006) Modular approach for the development of supported, monofunetionalized, salen catalysts., J. Org. Chem., 71 1825-1836. 

The Shapiro reaction provides a convenient, easy and straightforward method to convert ketones into a plethora of olefinic substances in high yields. Many of these vinyllithium derivatives are useful for further synthetic manipulations. No attempt is made in this chapter to cover all the applications of the Shapiro reaction and only few representative examples will be described. A variety of polyolefins such as 119, used for cation olefin cyclization, can be stereospecifically formed in a concise and modular approach in a single step from the components shown in equation 42 via the Shapiro reaction . 

Boydston AJ, WiUiams KA, Bielawski CW. A modular approach to main-chain organometaUic polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2005 127 12496-12497. 

Winningham MJ, Sogah DY. A modular approach to polymer architecture control via catenation of prefabricated biomolecular segments polymers containing parallel /8-sheets templated by a phenoxathiin-based reverse turn mimic. Macromolecules 1997 30 862-876. 

Hartung T, Bremer S, Casati S et al (2004) A modular approach to the ECVAM principles on test validity. Altern Lab Anim 32(5) 467- 72... 

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