Space science

The adjective space in the chapter title loosely means extraterrestrial and could include planetology, the study of other solid bodies in the solar system, such as Mars, Comet Halley, or asteroid Ceres. While MS is vital to all planetary exploration, these devices function much the same way as laboratory MS, except that they are remotely operated, use less power, and are considerably more expensive. But space can also have the more restricted meaning of outside the ionosphere of any planet, but inside the solar system, which will be the area discussed in this chapter. The properties and challenges of this region are very different from the lab, although the science turns out to be often the same. 

Mass Spectrometry. Edited by Ekman, Silberring, Westman-Brinkmalm, and Kraj Copyright 2009 John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

Helium, with the highest ionization energy of any element, 25 eV, barely makes it to 1 AU before being ionized by the Sun. Therefore, in space, any observation of neutral atoms, or even molecular ions, must be of a temporary population arriving from a nearby planetary body or comet. 

The first few decades of space exploration went by without any MS better than m/Am 4 because understanding the solar wind flow, its density, its pressure, or its temperature did not require mass resolution. Not until 1984 did a space MS fly with a resolution of about 10 [10], and it was 1994 before that increased to 100 [11], Suddenly for the first time, the solar wind isotopes of carbon, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, and iron were known, and the models could be tested. Even then, space MS had difficulty measuring rare isotopes, so that it wasn t until 2005 that solar wind samples were returned to Earth inside ultra-pure silicon wafers (the ill-fated Genesis mission [12]) to determine the important triple ratios of ieO 170 lsO. 

Such a measurement can tell us about the chemical evolution of oxygen, such as whether the isotopes differentiated via a thermal cycle in which lighter leO fractionates from the heavier lsO, much as Vostok ice-core oxygen ratios reveal the Earth s prehistoric climate. From this fixed point of the Sun s oxygen ratios, we can then trace the history of water in other planetary bodies since their birth in the solar nebulae through the subsequent cometary bombardment [13]. In NASA s search for water on the Moon, important for the establishment of a future Moon base, such isotopic ratios will determine whether the water is a vast mother lode or just a recent cometary impact residue. 

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A good LC/MS instrument routinely provides a means for obtaining the identities and amounts of mixture components rapidly and efficiently. It is not unusual to examine micrograms or less of materia). LC/MS is used in a wide range of applications, including environmental, archaeological, medical, forensic, and space sciences, chemistry, biochemistry, and control boards for athletics and horse racing. 

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Astrophysics Division - Research and Space Science Department of ESA, ESTEC, Postbus 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands... 

Department of Astronomy and Space Science and Astrophysical Research Center for the Structure and Evolution of the Cosmos, Sejong University, 140-747, Seoul, Korea... 

Dept. Astronomy Space Science, Sejong Univ. 

Figure 10.1 This image taken by the Cassini probe is in the infrared centred at 980 nm (Image scale is 7 kilometers per pixel) and shows features on the leading hemisphere of Titan, including the bright, crescent-shaped Hotei arcus (right of center), which is also informally called "the Smile" by researchers. (Reproduced by permission of NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)...

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LUIS W. ALVAREZ—University of California—Berkeley, Space Sciences Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720... 

Jacobs University Bremen, Earth and Space Sciences, Campus Ring 8, 28759, Bremen, Germany... 

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