Production facility

The wells provide the conduit for production from the reservoir to the surface, and are therefore the key link between the reservoir and surface facilities. The type and number of wells required for development will dictate the drilling facilities needed, and the operating pressures of the wells will influence the design of the production facilities. The application of horizontal or multi-lateral wells may where appropriate greatly reduce the number of wells required, which in time will have an impact on the cost of development. 

In Section 10.0, we have discussed process design and processing equipment rather than the layout oi production facilities. Once a process scheme has been defined, the fashion in which equipment and plant is located is determined partly by transportation considerations (e.g. pipeline specifications) but also by the surface environment. 

The function of offshore production facilities are very much the same as those described for land operations. An offshore production platform is rather like a gathering station hydrocarbons have to be collected, processed and evacuated for further treatment or storage. However, the design and layout of the offshore facilities are very different from those on land for the following reasons ... 

Floating production systems offer production facilities offshore, and will be introduced in this section. 

Steel piled jackets are the most common type of platform and are employed in a wide range of sea conditions, from the comparative calm of the South China Sea to the hostile Northern North Sea. Steel jackets are used in water depths of up to 150 metres and may support production facilities a further 50 metres above mean sea level. In deep water all the process and support facilities are normally supported on a single jacket, but in shallow seas it may be cheaper and safer to support drilling, production... 

The most basic subsea satellite is a single Subsea Wellhead with Subsea Tree, connected to a production facility by a series of pipelines and umbilicals. A control module, usually situated on the subsea tree, allows the production platform to remotely operate the subsea facility (i.e. valves, chokes). 

As subsea production systems are remote from the host production facility there must be some type of system in place which allows personnel on the host facility to control and monitor the operation of the unmanned subsea system. 

Many oil and gas companies do not consider the detailed design and construction of production facilities as part of their core business. This is often the stage at which work is contracted out to engineering firms and the client company will switch manpower resources elsewhere, although some degree of project management is commonly retained. 

Table 5. Suggested Water Quality Conditions for Marine Fish Production Facilities ...

R. J. Ring and D. Royston, d Repiew of Fluorine Cells and Fluorine Production Facilities, Austrahan Atomic Energy Commission, AAEC/E 281 /, Sept. 1973. 

Table 5. Location and Capacities of Chemical Grade Alumina Production Facilities...

The radioisotopes Tc and I (see Table 16) are often used for medical purposes. Tc has a half-life of only 6 h, which would normally make it difficult to transport from a production facility to the medical facility. However, one can supply the longer-lived 2.7-d Mo in a chemical form that allows one to separate out, generate or milk, the daughter iTc when the latter is needed. 

Production Facilities. The manufacture of acceptable cosmetic products requires not only safe ingredients but also faciUties that maintain high standards of quaUty and cleanliness. Most countries have estabUshed regulations intended to assure that no substandard product or batch is distributed to consumers. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) represent workable standards that cover every aspect of dmg manufacture, from building constmction to distribution of finished products. GMPs in the United States that have been estabUshed for dmg manufacture are commonly used in cosmetic production (6,25). 

Table 5. World Production Facilities for Nitrile Rubber...

Especially for flexible batch applications, the batch logic must be properly structured in order to oe implemented and maintained in a reasonable manner. An underlying requirement is that the batch process equipment be properly structured. The following structure is appropriate for most batch production facilities. 

Plant A plant is the collec tion of production facilities at a geographical site. The production facihties at a site normally share warehousing, utilities, and the like. 

Startup costs are defined as the total of those costs directly related to bringing a new production facility into operation. They should not include the costs of entering or expanding a business. Hence startup costs include the following ... 

Phosphate Fertilizer Industry Granular Triple Superphosphate Storage Facilities Goal Preparation Plants Ferroalloy Production Facilities Steel Plants Electric Arc Furnaces Constructed after October 21, 1974, and on or before August 17,1983... 

Use of dedicated and proper storage and unloading areas that don t expose other operating and production facilities... 

API Publ 761, Model Risk Management Plan Guidance for Exploration and Production Facilities—Guidance for Complying with EPA s RMP Rule (40 Code of Federal Regulations 68), 2nd ed., August 1997... 

Ferroalloy production facilities Kraft pulp mills"... 

Phosphate fertilizer complexes often have sulfuric and phosphoric acid production facilities. Sulfuric acid is produced by burning molten sulfur in air to produce sulfur dioxide, which is then catalytically converted to sulfur trioxide for absorption in oleum. Sulfur dioxide can also be produced by roasting pyrite ore. Phosphoric acid is manufactured by adding sulfuric acid to phosphate rock. The... 

Example 3.1 Recovery of Benzene from Gaseous Emission of a Polymer Production Facility... 

Special-purpose type Booths of this type are specially designed, in shape and function, for a certain production facility and/or process. 

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