Triglyceride plant oils

Another class of important renewable resources is represented by triglyceride plant oils. Among these vegetable oils, palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil are the four most important vegetable oils worldwide, holding a share of more than 80% of the market (Tan and Chow, 2010). Linseed oil and soybean oil are found to be the most popular epoxidized vegetable oils utilized today, since most of the potential vegetable oils are not available or their price is exorbitant. 

The physical and chemical properties of individual oils and fats are determined by the nature and proportions of fatty acids that enter into the triglycerides composition. Animal and dairy fat like plant oils are dominated by triacylglycerols, with steroids present as minor components, cholesterol and its esters being the most significant. The triacylglycerols of animal fats differ from plant oils since they contain more of the saturated fatty acids and consequently are solid at room temperature. 

Linne, M.A. L.H. Sperling AM. Fernandez S. Qureshi J.A. Manson. Simultaneous interpenetrating networks prepared from special functional group triglyceride oils lesquerella palmeri and other wild plant oils. Adv. Chem. Ser. 1984, 37—49. 

What does this do to the fat You will have noticed that we are referring to plant oils in the context of unsaturated fatty acids. We should also dwell on the fact that plant oils are oils, i.e. they are liquid at room temperature, e.g. cooking oils. This is not true for animal fats butter, lard, beef dripping and so on are all solid at room temperature. Yet all of these substances are almost pure triglyceride. 

Hydroxyfatty adds. Fatty acids containing an OH function. In plants H. a, occur mainly as esters, e. g., in triglycerides (ricinus oil) and waxes (e.g., camauba and beeswax). In plants and animals 2-H. are components of cerebrosides. On the other hand, esters and glycosides of 3-H. [e.g. (R)-3-hydroxypalmitic acid from Rhodotorula yeasts, C gH3203, Mr 272.43, mp. 78 - 79 °C, [a]o -12.9°] are typical components of bac-... 

Jojoba (jojoba oil). A perennial, dioecious plant (Sim-mondsia chinensis, Buxaceae) indigenous to California and Mexico. Oil content of seeds 45-50%, protein up to 30%. J. oil mp. 6.8-7°C, bp. 389°C. J. oil is an exception among the plant oils since it does not contain triglycerides but ra er a liquid wax ester. The main components of J. oil are docosenyl eicosenoate (37 %), eicosenyl eicosenoate (24%), and eicoseny 1 do-cosenoate (11%), thus mainly wax esters with 40 and 42 C atoms. The wax esters of J. oils are very stable to oxidation (see linoleic acid) since they consist to > 95% of mono-unsaturated fatty alcohols and acids of the ffl9-series. 

Figure 22.2 [A] General triglyceride structure and fatty acid percentage composition of common plant oil. [B] Fatty acids commonly used in polymer chemistry [a] oleic acid, [b] linoleic acid, (c) linolenic acid, [d] erucic acid, [e] petroselinic acid, [f] ricinoleic acid, [g] vernolic acid, [h] 10-undecenoic acid (reprinted with permission of Montero de Espinosa et al., 2011, Elsevier [10]].

Figure 22.8 Schematic reaction for addition of iodine isocyanate to plant oil triglycerides (reprinted with permission of Cayli and Kiisefoglu, 2010, John Wiley and Sons [35]].

Cayli, G., Kiisefoglu, S. (2008). Biobased potyisocyanates from plant oils triglycerides Synthesis, polymerization, and characterization, I. Annl Polvm. Set. 109, 2948-2955. 

Cayli, G., Kiisefoglu, S. (2010). A simple one-step synthesis and polymerization of plant oil triglyceride iodo isocyanates, J. AppL Polym. Set, 116, 2433-2440. 

As a result of this natural variation, it has become very important to choose a plant oil carefully for the specific application in mind. Saturated fatty acids and triglycerides will perform well in some applications whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids allow for more chemistry and functionalization to take place, allowing for greater adaptability (see sections 6.5 and 6.6). 

Extraction of Plant Oils, Triglycerides and Their Associated Compounds... 

Table 6.1 Selected fatty acid composition of triglycerides from plant oils.

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