Targeting government

Market forces determine the demand for a product, and the demand will be used to forecast the sales of hydrocarbons. This will be one of the factors considered by some governments when setting the production targets for the oil company. For example, much of the gas produced in the South China Sea is liquefied and exported by tanker to Japan for industrial and domestic use the contract agreed with the Japanese purchaser will drive the production levels set by the National Oil Company. 

The analysis of steady-state and transient reactor behavior requires the calculation of reaction rates of neutrons with various materials. If the number density of neutrons at a point is n and their characteristic speed is v, a flux effective area of a nucleus as a cross section O, and a target atom number density N, a macroscopic cross section E = Na can be defined, and the reaction rate per unit volume is R = 0S. This relation may be appHed to the processes of neutron scattering, absorption, and fission in balance equations lea ding to predictions of or to the determination of flux distribution. The consumption of nuclear fuels is governed by time-dependent differential equations analogous to those of Bateman for radioactive decay chains. The rate of change in number of atoms N owing to absorption is as follows ... 

The next level is the protocol that governs how the data are transmitted over the wire. Many protocols are ia use. A typical iastaHatioa may have multiple protocols mnning simultaneously on the same physical network. Vendors of network hardware and software develop protocols that are optimized for the type of appHcation for which their product is targeted. Among the protocols commonly seen ia a prepress aetwork are Apple Computer s AppleTalk and EtherTalk, and TCP/IP used by many UNIX work station vendors. The appHcation software a user employs automatically uses whatever protocol is necessary to move information over the network. 

In Europe, government poficies (ca 1995) ate calling for a steadily increasing commitment to wiad power. Combiaed, the European programs call for the iastaHation of at least 4000 MW by the twenty-first century, a level that would dominate world production. Environmental concerns are the iacentives behind Europe s wiad targets. With over 2000 MW of wiad power already iastaHed, Europe is well oa its way to acbieving its goal. 

If some source has governing role over total loads, reconsider the target level of that local zone in order to reduce loads. 

Economists differ widely in their views on the practical importance of these market failures, on what remedies are appropriate, and whether governments can satisfactorily remedy the problem. One clear principle is that the problem be identified as precisely as possible and the assistance be targeted as closely as possible to the problem. For example, if information is inadequate, providing knowledge about options would be preferable to aiding a specific option. The three justifications for subsidies set a minimum test of aid that many programs fail to pass. 

The two effects just described help to determine the x-ray distribution at the target. Before an x-ray beam strikes a sample to be analyzed, the beam is usually modified further. For example, there may be absorption (and filtering) by the window of the x-ray tube, by an air path between tube and sample, by the walls of a cell containing the sample, and finally by the sample itself. Analogous considerations govern the absorption (and, with polychromatic beams, the filtering) of the beam entering the detector from the sample. 

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