Pure plant oil

Pure plant oils (PPO) can be used directly as a starting material for biodiesel synthesis via transesterification. To reduce free fatty acids, raw materials containing such are submitted to an esterification step prior to transesterification. 

In this chapter, the utilization of biofuels in conventional diesel engines is considered. The use of cmde jatropha oil (CJO), degummed jatropha oil (DJO), pure plant oils (PRO), and biodiesels produced from cmde palm oil, jatropha curcas, coconut oil, kapok nut oil, and cat-fish fat in neat form (100% biodiesel) together with various blends of biodiesel with conventional diesel are described. In addition, the use of mixed biodiesel derived from different raw materials is also considered as a possible solution for improving the quality of biodiesels. 

Utilization of vegetable pure plant oil and crude oil in diesel engines... 

Project Report to Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2007. Techno-Economic Pure Plant Oil in Indonesia. 

Figure 11.1a [1] shows a schematic representation of a micropreparative thin-layer chromatogram obtained on a 0.5-mm Florisil (magnesium silicate) layer prewetted with benzene of a crude extract, i.e., containing coextracted plant oil obtained from Heracleum moelendorfi fruit. The initial band of extract was washed with benzene and then separated by continuous development with ethyl acetate in benzene [1]. As seen from the fraction analysis presented in Figure 11.1b, small quantities of pure bergapten and xanthotoxin can be isolated in this maimer. 

Plant oils were already used as a fuel by Rudolf Diesel in 1912, but more recent testing revealed that pure oils, even of fully refined quality, do not fit the modern fastrunning diesel engines with their high efficiency and with low emission profile. Methyl esters are the derivatives of choice, simple to produce and come very dose to diesel in their fuel properties (Table 10.1). 

Maceration is the removal of substances by soaking materials in an appropriate liquid. Hot fat is used in maceration to extract essential oils from plant material. The saturated fat is then washed with alcohol to leave pure essential oil, e.g. calendula oil. Maceration is used for extraction of essential oils that cannot be extracted by distillation. 

Biodegradability Pure essential oils are extracted from plants and therefore will biodegrade in the same manner as plants. 

Biodegradable polymers can also be made from mineral oil based resources such as the aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester types. Mixtures of synthetic degradable polyesters and pure plant starch, known as starch blends, are also well-established products on the market. 

These oils, if they are to be used parenterally, need to be chemically pure and free from microbial contamination. As stated above, plant oils are often complex mixtures of chemically similar compounds and so require special forms of pharmaceutical assay (e.g. determination of their acid and... 

Pure essential oils are extracted directly from different parts of plants, depending on the oil content and the type. Some are extracted from flowers, others from leaves, stems, the rind of fruit, berries, resin, or roots. 

What does this do to the fat You will have noticed that we are referring to plant oils in the context of unsaturated fatty acids. We should also dwell on the fact that plant oils are oils, i.e. they are liquid at room temperature, e.g. cooking oils. This is not true for animal fats butter, lard, beef dripping and so on are all solid at room temperature. Yet all of these substances are almost pure triglyceride. 

Briefly describe the operational steps required to obtain pure vegetable oils from plant seeds. 

Fatty oils and fat-like substances - Fats and oils are esters of glycerin and higher fatty adds. In pure form, oils (castor, sea-buckthom and others) are used as remedies or as solvents for pharmaceutical substances. Fatty oils are used in medicine to make ointments, liniments and emollients, and for skin care and therapeutic massage. Some oils have therapeutic action. For example castor oil is used as a puigative and sea-buckthom is used internally to treat stomach and duodenal ulcers and externally for skin bums. Plant waxes, sterols and other substances are fat-like substances. Some of them are used in medidnal preparations. Unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic and other acids) prevent development of atherosclerosis. They are contained in plant seeds (almond, sunflower, flax and others), and fruits (olives and sea-buckthom). 

In addition to pure metals and metal alloys, ancient chemical workers also had a significant store of chemical compounds that they could employ in various processes. As with the pharmacopoeia however, these materials do not come down to us intact, so we must surmise their use from archeological artifacts such as pestles, mortars, mills, strainers, stills, and crucibles. One Mesopotamian find was a double-rimmed earthenware pot, probably used for extracting plant oils or essences. Raw material could be placed between two rims, a lid placed over the vessel, and a solvent (water or oil) boiled in the bottom. Vapor from the boiling solvent would have condensed on the lid, run down over the raw material, extracted the desired ingredient, and dripped back into the bottom of the pot— basically the same principle used in coffee percolators today."... 

It is clear that moulds represent excellent sources of dietetically acceptable oils. The main difficulty is one of sales and marketing as it obviously is not easy to convince a suspicious public that mould oil is as good as a plant oil. Scientifically, there is no detriment to using mould oil. Indeed one positive advantage of the mould oil as a source of GLA is its much lower content of linoleic acid (18 2) than either of the plant sources. This makes the purification of GLA much easier than starting from the plant oils as the main problem is the separation of the two closely allied fatty acids. Simple urea adduct formation enables oils with 80-85% GLA to be produced. Solvent winterization has also been used but without great effect (Yokochi et al., 1990) although the best, but most expensive, procedure for purification is by use of zeolites where 98% pure GLA has been obtained as its ethyl ester (Arai et al., 1987). Enrichment... 

When the content of essential oil is low in the raw material or the aroma constituents are destroyed hy steam distillation or the aroma is lost by its solubility in water, then the oil in the raw material is recovered by an extraction process. Examples are certain herbs or spices (cf. 22.1.1.1) and some fruit powders. Hexane, triacetin, acetone, ethanol, water and/or edible oil or fat are used as solvents. Good yields are also obtained by using liquid CO2. The volatile solvent is then fully removed by distillation. The oil extract (resin, absolue) often contains volatile aroma compounds in excess of 10% in addition to lipids, waxes, plant pigments and other substances extractable by the chosen solvent. Extraction may be followed by chromatographic or counter-current separation to isolate some desired aroma fractions. If the solvent used is not removed by distillation, the product is called an extract. The odor intensity of the extract, compared to the pure essential oil, is weaker for aromatization purposes hy a factor of 1Q2 to 10 ... 

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