Distribution in animals

Distribution of radiohafnium ( Hf+ in the organs of rats and hamsters has been found to be skeleton skin muscle liver at about 7 days post injection (Taylor etal. 1983). Limited tissue distribution studies with Hf suggest a higher uptake in liver and much lower deposition in skin and muscle in the marmoset as compared to the rat or Chinese hamster (Taylor etal. 1985b). 

Using an electron microprobe method, it has been found that this element is concentrated in nodular lymphatic cells and is uniquely localized in the lysosomes of macrophages where it is associated with phos- 

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This substance is widely distributed in animal tissues. Its structure is similar to that of chondroitin sulfate, ex-... 

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1) is one of the most studied oxidative enzymes because it is involved in the biosynthesis of melanins in animals and in the browning of plants. The enzyme seems to be almost universally distributed in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria (Sanchez-Ferrer and others 1995) and catalyzes two different reactions in which molecular oxygen is involved the o-hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols (monophenolase activity) and the subsequent oxidation of 0-diphenols to o-quinones (diphenolase activity). Several studies have reported that this enzyme is involved in the degradation of natural phenols with complex structures, such as anthocyanins in strawberries and flavanols present in tea leaves. Several polyphenols... 

No studies were located regarding distribution in animals following inhalation exposure to chlordecone. 

As indicated in Section 2.3.2.1, studies in workers occupationally exposed to chlordecone have shown that it is absorbed, distributed to various tissues, and has a long retention time in the body (Cannon et al. 1978 Cohn et al. 1978 Taylor 1982, 1985). Since dermal exposures probably constituted a major portion of the exposure in these occupational studies, information presented in Section 2.3.2.1 is also applicable here. No studies were located regarding distribution in animals after dermal exposure to chlordecone. 

Glutathione. A tripeptide, widely distributed in animal and plant tissues. It exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSH) forms, and it functions in various redox re-... 

ALBUMIN. An albumin is a member of a class of proteins which is widely distributed in animal and vegetable tissues. Albumins are soluble in water and in dilute salt solutions, and are coagulable by heat. 

Carbohydrates arc the most abundant class of organic compounds, representing about ihrec-fouribs of the dry weight of all vegetation. Carbohydrates are also widely distributed in animals and lower life forms. These compounds comprise one of the three major components (others are protein and fall Df the human diet, and indeed thal of most other animals. In a nutrition-conscious era. advocates for both more and fewer carbohydrate calories in the human diet can be found. 

A scries of quinones which are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, these quinones have been shown to function in biological electron transport systems which are responsible for energy conversion with living cells. The nature and significance of coenzyme Q was first... 

Acid deoxyribonuclease (DNase) is an enzyme which splits the phosphodiester bonds of native DNA by both a diplotomic and a haplotomic mechanism (see Section 111,0) leaving the terminal phosphate in a 3 position. The enzyme is very widely distributed in animal cells and appears to be localized in the lysosomes. The best known acid DNase is that from hog spleen this explains why most of the data presented here refer to this enzyme. It should be stressed, however, that the properties of acid DNases obtained from the tissues of other vertebrates appear to be extremely similar to those of the hog spleen enzyme ... 

This enzyme is widely distributed in animal tissues, and the enzyme produced by yeast, by bacteriophage T2-infected E. coli, and by animal cells has been studied extensively. Deamination of 5-methyldeoxycytidylate and 5-hydroxy-methyldeoxycytidylate is also catalyzed by this enzyme. 

Glycoproteins, proteins that contain covalently bound carbohydrates, comprise one of the most important classes of biological compounds. They are widely distributed in animals, plants, and micro-or-... 

The oxidation of L-glycerol 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate is catalyzed by two different enzymes. One is the cytoplasmic NAD-linked a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and the other is the mitochondrial enzyme, which appears to contain flavin and iron. The latter enzyme was first studied by Green in 1936 (223). It was shown to be associated with respiratory particles, and widely distributed in animal tissues. The highest concentration of the enzyme was found in the brain. Lardy and co-workers (234) studied the enzyme in deoxycholate-solubilized particles obtained from skeletal muscle, confirmed the finding... 

Aldehyde reductases, which catalyze the reduction of aldehydes and ketones, are widely distributed in animal species, including insects (e.g., D. melanogaster). These enzymes catalyze the reaction shown in Figure 8.16. 

Amines are widely distributed in animals and plants, often serving as messengers or regulators. For example, in the human nervous system there are two amine stimulants, norepinephrine and adrenaline ... 

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