Plant spray oil

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Dormant oil Foliage oil Kerosene, heavy Plant spray oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

OILS, MISCELLANEOUS SPRAY Dormant oil, Foliage oil, Kerosene, heavy, Plant spray oil Combustible Liquid 0 2 0 ... 

Oils, Miscellaneous Spray Dormant Oil Foliage Oil Kerosene, Heavy Plant Spray Oil ... 

ASTM Test Method D447, Distillation of Plant Spray Oils, is a method designed for characterization of these narrowboiling fractions. (Optimal persistence with minimal damage to plant fruit and foliage is obtained when narrow boiling petroleum fractions of appropriate volatility are used.)... 

Standard Test Method for Distillation of Plant Spray Oils ... 

This test method covers the determination of the volatility of plant spray oils by means of distillation. Its primary purpose is to establish the classification of a spray oil by determining the fraction distilled at specified temperatures. Both a manual method and an automatic method are specified. 

To obtain optimum persistence with minimal damage to fruit and foliage, a plant spray oil should possess appropriate volatility characteristics, as indicated by distillation. A narrow range, for example, 55 C, ensures uniform evaporation, while the proper level of initial and final boiling points prevents either too rapid or undesirably prolonged evaporation of the oil. 

The viscosity of the spray oil, as measured by the Saybolt test, also determines its safety on plants. Other properties being equal, oils of low viscosity ate safer to use on foHage than those of high viscosity. For dormant sprays on deciduous trees, oils with viscosities between 100 and 200 Saybolt universal seconds (SUs) at 37.8°C are considered satisfactory. A lower range is often used in colder and a higher range in warmer areas. 

Sprays cover the complete surface of the plant. Sprays are also easier to apply to the bottom surface of leaves than dusts. Many insect problems begin on the bottom surface of the leaf rather than the top. Use the least toxic spray that will be effective. Sometimes a stream of water, horticultural oil or an insecticidal... 

The hydrocarbons were diluted with a nontoxic oil to provide a further measure of toxicity. It was thought that, if the toxic hydrocarbons could be diluted to a concentration at which carrots were not injured but at which the other test plants were killed, such selective concentrations might provide a more definite basis for comparing the toxicities than was previously possible. The diluent, Bayol D, is a highly refined paraflSnic oil which boils between 400 and 500 F. The tek plants sprayed with Bayol D exhibited a translucent appearance for 2 or 3 days but neither acute nor chronic injury developed, and growth was not noticeably checked. 

Test methods have been developed for both dormant and summer spray oils to predict accurately the behavior of a given oil, from the viewpoint of both tree or plant response and efficiency against pests. In the earlier days of spray oils, it was difficult to predict the behavior of a given product without actual exhaustive field trials, but by making use of the experience and testing techniques that are now available, spray oils can be selected with definite knowledge as to their behavior under practical usage conditions in the field. 

Leaves yellow whole plant weakened. Cause Maple scales. Both maple phenacoccus and cottony maple scale produce small, fluffy, white egg masses. They feed on leaves and stems, weakening the plant. Spray the trunk and branches with dormant oil before growth starts in spring, or with superior oil or insecticidal soap as buds begin to open. Repeat the soap or superior oil application in midsummer, spraying the leaves and branches. 

Mineral oils used as insecticides require measurement of molecular weight (ASTM D-2502, ASTM D-2503, ASTM D-2878) and composition because the structure of the constituents appears to be a factor in determining the insecticide power of these oils. Olefins and aromatics are both highly toxic to insects, but they also have a detrimental effect on plants thus spray oils generally receive some degree of refining, especially those of the summer oil type that come into contact with foliage. 

After correctly svi/itching off plant part of the system remains under pressure Nozzle opens and sprays oil at high pressure under skin Physical injury (finger amputated)... 

Petroleum Oils. When satisfactorily stable kerosene—soap—water emulsions were produced in 1874, dormant (winter) oil sprays became widely used to control scale insects and mites (1). The first commercial emulsion or miscible oil was marketed in 1904 and by 1930 highly refined neutral or white oils, free from unsaturated hydrocarbons, acids, and highly volatile elements, were found to be safe when appHed to plant foHage, thus gready enlarging the area of usefulness of oil sprays (see Petroleum). 

Ambient-cure systems are often based on lower molecular-weight soHd epoxy resins cured with aUphatic polyamines or polyamides. Curing normally occurs at ambient temperatures with a working life (pot life) of 8—24 h, depending on the formulation. Epoxy—poly amine systems are typically used for maintenance coatings in oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and in many marine appHcations. Such coverings are appHed by spray or bmsh. These are used widely where water immersion is encountered, particularly in marine appHcations (see COATINGS, MARINE). 

Condensing boilers are now available for both gas- and oil-fired plant, the advantage of these being that the flue gases are further cooled down to below 100°C so that the latent heat available in the flue gas water vapor is recovered. The condensate has to be removed and the boiler capital cost is higher than for conventional plant. However, the boiler plant efficiency is increased to the order of 90 per cent, based upon the fuel gross calorific value. Where the flue gas exit temperatures are in excess of 200° C a further economy can be obtained by the provision of a spray recuperator in the case of gas and flue gas economizers for oil and coal. 

Chimney stacks have been sprayed externally with aluminium at many gasworks, oil refineries, laundries and petrochemical plants, to resist the combined effects of heat, condensation and atmospheric attack. 

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