Alcohols, solubility

In addition, boron trifluoride and some of its adducts have widespread appflcation as curing agents for epoxy resins (qv), and in preparing alcohol-soluble phenoflc resins (qv) (41). 

Bisa.codyl, 4,4 -(2-PyridyLmethylene)bisphenol diacetate [603-50-9] (Dulcolax) (9) is a white to off-white crystalline powder ia which particles of 50 p.m dia predominate. It is very soluble ia water, freely soluble ia chloroform and alcohol, soluble ia methanol and ben2ene, and slightly soluble ia diethyl ether. Bisacodyl may be prepared from 2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde by condensation with phenol and the aid of a dehydrant such as sulfuric acid. The resulting 4,4 -(pyridyLmethylene)diphenol is esterified by treatment with acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate. Crystallisation is from ethanol. 

Because of the zwitterion formation, mutual buffering action, and the presence of strongly acid components, soybean phosphoHpids have an overall pH of about 6.6 and react as slightly acidic in dispersions-in-water or in solutions-in-solvents. Further acidification brings soybean phosphoHpids to an overall isoelectric point of about pH 3.5. The alcohol-soluble fraction tends to favor oil-in-water emulsions and the alcohol-insoluble phosphoHpids tend to promote water-in-oil emulsions. 

Component Cmde Deoiled Alcohol-soluble fraction Alcohol-ins oluble fraction PC 70 PC 90 ... 

Pommade. These are botanical extracts prepared by the enfleurage method wherein flower petals are placed on a layer of fat which extracts the essential oil. This method is appHed to low odored flowers, which do not yield appreciable oil on steam or water distillation, or flowers of valuable but dehcate odor (such as jasmin), which are destroyed on such treatment. Pommades, as such, are seldom used by the industry at present (ca 1995), but are further processed to provide more concentrated extracts such as absolutes. Absolutes, being alcohol-soluble, are much more convenient forms for the perfumer. 

Alkylated phenol derivatives are used as raw materials for the production of resins, novolaks (alcohol-soluble resins of the phenol—formaldehyde type), herbicides, insecticides, antioxidants, and other chemicals. The synthesis of 2,6-xylenol [576-26-1] h.a.s become commercially important since PPO resin, poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide), an engineering thermoplastic, was developed (114,115). The demand for (9-cresol and 2,6-xylenol (2,6-dimethylphenol) increased further in the 1980s along with the growing use of epoxy cresol novolak (ECN) in the electronics industries and poly(phenylene ether) resin in the automobile industries. The ECN is derived from o-cresol, and poly(phenylene ether) resin is derived from 2,6-xylenol. 

Pontia.na.k. This resin is a copal and is similar to the alcohol-soluble Manilas. It is partially fossilized, so it melts at a higher temperature. Softening points range from 99—135°C, and acid numbers from about 112—120. Pontianak [9000-14-0] is used in specialty coatings and adhesives. 

It has also been proposed that under the acidic conditions found ia whiskeys, ethanol reacts with lignin (qv) to reduce an alcohol-soluble form of lignin (ethanol lignin). This can be converted into coniferyl alcohol, which can be oxidized to coniferaldehyde. The partial oxidation of ethanol lignin can produce siaapic and coniferyl alcohols that can be converted to syfingaldehyde and vanillin, respectively (8). 

An alcohol-soluble cellulose acetate butyrate containing ca 50% butyryl and ca 4.5% hydroxyls available commercially. 

Table 14. Flexographic Ink Formulation Containing Alcohol-Soluble Cellulose Acetate Propionate...

The end point may be ehecked by noting the extent of flow of a heated pellet down a given slope or by melting point measurements. Other control tests include alcohol solubility, free phenol eontent and gelation time with 10% hexa. 

The reaction may be followed by such tests as melting point, acetone or alcohol solubility, free phenol content or loss in weight on stoving at 135°C. 

Oil (rom blossoming dry herb dj 0-9377 an - 92 3C acid number l-H ostor number 5 S ester oomber slier acetylation ii O. Not soluble in 10 volumes 70 per cenf. alcohol soluble in abont b and more yclnmes 80 per cent, alcohol, M ith separation of pantSin,... 

Ethyl alcohol, CjHjOH, is also a natural constituent of a number of essential oils, but being, like methyl alcohol, soluble in water in all proportions, it is washed away in the distillation waters. It is an inflammable liquid of specific gravity 0 794, and boiling at 78°. 

Spritlack, m. spirit varnish or lacquer, sprlt-lackecht, a. fast to spirit lacquer. -ISslich, a. spirit-soluble, alcohol-soluble. -unlSslich, a. insoluble in spirit. 

Give a molecular explanation for the following trend in alcohol solubilities in water ... 

Extraction and Separation of Alkaloids - The air-dried ground heart-wood (2.2 kg) was extracted by percolation at room temperature with alcohol USP until a negative alkaloid test of the percolate was observed. Removal of the solvent at reduced pressure and at 40° left 71 g of residue that exhibited antimicrobial activity. A 35 g sample of the alcohol-soluble residue was partitioned between 125 ml each of ether and 2Z citric acid In water. The ether layer was extracted twice more with 125 ml of 2% citric acid, filtered to remove some lnterfaclal solids (5.8 g alkaloid negative, no antimicrobial activity), dried (sodium sulfate), and evaporated to dryness, giving 8.6 g of ether solubles that had no antimicrobial activity. 

Highly soluble and stable in water and alcohol soluble in ether, glycerine, chloroform, and benzene. 

Organic solvent(s) Partition coefficients No data 1 g in 2,500 mL absolute alcohol 1 g in 75 mL absolute alcohol Soluble in alkali chlorides soluble in alkali (Massicot) insoluble in alcohol Soluble in fixed alkali hydroxides insoluble in alcohol... 

Various other techniques have been used to determine molybdenum, including adsorption voltammetry [510], electron-paramagnetic resonance spectrometry [512], and neutron activation analysis [513,514]. EPR spectrometry is carried out on the isoamyl alcohol soluble Mo(SCN)s complex and is capable of detecting 0.46 mg/1 molybdenum in seawater. Neutron activation is carried out on the /J-naphlhoin oxime [514] complex and the pyrrolidone dithiocar-bamate and diethyldithiocarbamate complex [513]. The neutron activation analysis method [514] was capable of determining down to 0.32 xg/l of molybdenum in seawater. 

Elixirs are clear oral solutions in which the vehicle is a hydroalcoholic mixture containing potent or nauseating drugs. Elixirs are pleasantly flavored and attractively colored. The presence of hydroalcoholic vehicle in an elixir makes it possible to include both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble substances in solution. In comparison to syrups, elixirs are less sweet and less viscous because of lower sugar content. From the manufacturing aspects and from the stability standpoint, elixirs are favored over syrups. 

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