Plant, carbohydrate

The principal steps in the mechanism of polyisoprene formation in plants are known and should help to improve the natural production of hydrocarbons. Mevalonic acid, a key intermediate derived from plant carbohydrate via acetylcoen2yme A, is transformed into isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) via phosphorylation, dehydration, and decarboxylation (see Alkaloids). IPP then rearranges to dimethylaHyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). DMAPP and... 

The commercial exploitation of our increased understanding of protein stmcture will not, of course, be restricted to the pharmaceutical industry. The industrial use of enzymes in the chemical industry, the development of new and more specific pesticides and herbicides, the modification of enzymes in order to change the composition of plant oils and plant carbohydrates are all examples of other commercial developments that depend, in part, on understanding the structure of particular proteins at high resolution. 

In the presence of lime water more complex reactions occur, leading to the formation of aldoses and hexoses (iv). This particular reaction is of interest to the biochemist as it is now generally held that optically active plant carbohydrates are obtained from carbon dioxide and water via formaldehyde. 

Yakir, D. 1992 Variations in the natural abundance of oxygen-18 and deuterium in plant carbohydrates. Plant, Cell, and Environment 15 1005-1020. 

Kauss, H. (1974) Biosynthesis of pectin and hemicelluloses. In Plant Carbohydrate Biochemistry, edited by J.B. Pridham, pp. 191-205. Academic Press, London and New York. 

M. Rougier, Secretory activity of the root cap. Plant Carbohydrates II, extracellular Carbohydrates Encyclopedia of Plant Physiolo>>y (W. Tanner and F. A. Lcowus, eds.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1981. 

Harris, J.F. "Acid Hydrolysis and Dehydration Reactions for Utilizing Plant Carbohydrates," Applied Polymer Symposium. 1975, 28, 131-144. 

Table 10.1. The three main groups of plant carbohydrates with typical examples and occurrences.

Longland, A.C. (2001) Plant carbohydrates analytical methods and nutritional implications for equines. Internal communication, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth, UK. 

Amylose is one component of starch, which is the most abundant carbohydrate storage reserve in plants. Carbohydrates such as starch function as a reservoir of energy for later metabolic use. It is found in many different plant organs, including seeds, fruits, tubers, and roots, where it is used as a source of energy during periods of dormancy and regrowth. 

Smith MM, Hartley RD. 1983. Occurrence and nature of ferulic acid substitution of cell wall polysaccharides in gramineous plants. Carbohydrate Research 118 65-80. 

Wessels, J. Sietsma, J. (1981). Fungal cell walls a survey. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol. 13B. Plant Carbohydrates 11, ed. W. Tanner F. Loewus, pp. 352-94. Berlin Springer. 

Aspinall GO (1981) Constitution of cell wall polysaccharides. In Tanner W, Loewus FA (eds) Plant carbohydrates I Intracellular carbohydrates Vol 13 B. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 3... 

Finally, Forward et al.149 provide further evidence for a role for plant carbohydrates as larval inducers. They showed that humic acids either from a commercial source or extracted from estuarine water (the latter presumably complexes derived from the degradation of plant carbohydrates) enhanced the rate of metamorphosis of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) larvae.149... 

Table 2.5 Key plant carbohydrate-derived chemical building blocks identified in the EU Brew project...

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