Pesticides equipment

Allow only appropriately trained and equipped handlers to repair, clean, or adjust pesticide equipment that contains pesticides or residues. 

Store only pesticides, pesticide containers, pesticide equipment, and a spill cleanup kit at the storage site. Do not keep food, drinks, tobacco, feed, medical or veterinary supplies or medication, seeds, clothing, or personal protective equipment (other than personal protective equipment necessary for emergency response) at the site. These could be contaminated by vapors, dusts, or spills and cause accidental exposure to people or animals. 

Deutsch, A.E. and A. P. Poole, Eds., Manual of Pesticide Equipment, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 1972. 

Frear, D. E. H., Pesticide Handbook, State College, Pa., Commercial Printing, Inc., 1951. A guide and index to trade names, active ingredients, uses, and manufacturers of commercial insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and pesticide equipment sold in U. S. 

A pesticide formulation plant should prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land uses and the potential consequences of an emergency or accidental release of harmful substances. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Pollution control equipment employed in this sector include baghouses for removal of particulate matter and carbon adsorption for removal of VOCs. 

At Site I, personnel and equipment decontamination procedures were not monitored for their effectiveness in accordance with HAZ-WOPER requirements. The Site I subcontractor did not have provisions for particulate sampling, evaluating exposure to pesticides and herbicides, or evaluating the effectiveness of site zone boundaries and personnel decontamination procedures. Additionally, monitoring had not been conducted to verify that decontamination was not necessary for employees who leave the exclusion zone and enter a clean zone without undergoing decontamination. 

In occupational settings, exposure to endosulfan is mainly via the dermal and inhalation routes. Although workers involved in the manufacture and formulation of pesticide products containing endosulfan are potentially exposed to high concentrations of the compound, actual exposure is probably limited by the use of engineering controls and personal protection equipment. The highest documented dermal and inhalation exposures have been reported for agricultural workers involved in the spray... 

The method of choice for the determination of a- and P-endosulfan in blood, urine, liver, kidney, brain, and adipose tissue is gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) (Coutselinis et al. 1976 Demeter and Heyndrickx 1979 Demeter et al. 1977 Le Bel and Williams 1986). This is because GC/ECD is relatively inexpensive, simple to operate, and offers a high sensitivity for halogens (Griffith and Blanke 1974). After fractionation of adipose tissue extracts using gel permeation chromatography, detection limits of low-ppb (1.2 ng/g) were achieved for endosulfan and other chlorinated pesticides using GC/ECD (Le Bel and Williams 1986). 

In contrast to many other validation protocols, the description of the NMKL validation process starts with the protocol of planned validation. This protocol should include, e.g., the needs of the client, available equipment, the chemical form in which the analyte occurs (i.e., in pesticide analysis the residue definition), matrix types, the availability of reference materials and the working range. Consequently, an extra paragraph is dedicated to the requirements for the documentation of validation results, which refers to the rules in Section 5.4.4 of EN 45001 (amended by ISO 17025). 

Methods submitted include single- and multi-analyte methods for parent compounds and for degradates of concern. Pesticide regulatory methods are needed for each type of environmental matrix fate methods may be designed for soil, water, plant tissue, animal tissue or air, but are predominantly for soil and water. Analytical methods need to include a complete description of the procedure, materials and equipment in order to be completely reproducible. The methods should be practical and rapid and, to the extent possible while maintaining other quality objectives, inexpensive (often State and local regulatory agencies with few available resources need to utilize them). 

In many cases, there is difficulty in preserving residues in samples after collection and prior to pesticide analysis which coincides with a rapid further degradation and mineralization of the pesticide residues under most environmental conditions. Storage stability studies and studies on the reactivity of sample collection equipment in addition to field quality assurance procedures can help address some of these questions. Concerns are accentuated for compounds that have short half-lives in the environment but still have high acute toxicity. 

Despite its advantages, SFE is employed routinely in only a few pesticide laboratories, for the extraction of low-moisture samples such as grains, pulses, dried fruit and tea. The technique requires specialized equipment because the extractions are performed at high pressure (45 psi) and elevated temperatures (around 60 °C) to maintain aC02 density ofO.85 gmL The analyte(s) may be trapped on Cig solid-phase material and eluted with a small volume (around 5 mL) of a polar solvent, such as acetonitrile. 

To assess the well construction materials compatibility versus the subsurface environment and the pesticide of interest, manufacturers can provide data about the various well construction materials or samples can be acquired for laboratory analysis. Also, QC samples of each material can be collected during installation and preserved for laboratory analysis for potential sample bias, if necessary. In addition to well construction materials, the potable water used to clean drilling equipment and to prepare the grout and hydrate bentonite should also be collected for laboratory analysis (see Section 3.2.6). 

Unless laboratory studies on material compatibility establish otherwise, it is recommended that equipment used to collect groundwater samples for pesticide analysis be constructed of metal, fluorocarbon polymer, or glass.However, for a water-supply well, inert well, pump, and plumbing materials are not likely to have been installed for all components. In this case, in-place well, pump type, and plumbing materials should be documented. 

The quantity of QC samples to be collected is dependent on the study design, but Aeld blanks and held replicates should represent approximately 5-10% of the groundwater samples collected for the study. QC samples should be collected on the same day, using the same supplies and equipment, and be stored and shipped under the same conditions as the groundwater samples collected for pesticide analysis. Document all procedures, equipment, and reference chemicals used to generate the QC samples. 

Protocols should require documentation of actual application practices and times. Samples of applied pesticides should be collected to document application rates to study sites. The test substance must be applied with typical equipment used for the crop, and the application must be made in accordance with the labeled use. Another variable that impacts such studies is the fact that most landowners have their own application equipment, which increases the variance in actual application rates among fields and may cause differential intra-field heterogeneity in application rates. 

Based on the patch method to assess worker or re-entry exposure, researchers have developed a database, which may be used to estimate exposure. Each patch from an individual in a study can be entered into the database separately, the residue data from patches from various body areas can be summed to yield a whole-body exposure number, and the data may be sorted as to worker tasks, equipment used, protective clothing worn, formulation types and other parameters. This is the basis for the currently used Pesticide Handlers Data Base (PHED), which was developed through a joint effort in the 1980s of CropLife America [formerly known as American Crop Protection Association (ACPA) and National Agricultural Chemicals Association (NACA)], the Environmental Protection Agency (ERA) and Health Canada. " The PHED is discussed in detail in another article in this book. 

One of the most important aspects of designing a successful worker exposure or re-entry study is the selection of the agricultural site at which to perform the study. One must first define the growing region in which the pesticide is to be used to the widest extent possible. This is important since this region would have the most farms, farmers, commercial applicators, or re-entry workers which would have work habits, equipment, and land, which would best represent the use of the product. 

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