Applications equipment

G. L. Woo and co-workers, Sufur Foam and Commercial-S cak Field Application Equipment, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 227-240. 

Application equipment. Laboratory or pilot scale equipment that closely simulates the actual bonding process under production conditions. For some applications this is simple table top equipment, while for others this may be an expensive pilot line with a skilled operator. 

The first two categories, clarifying and crossflow filters, have been very well developed and optimized for use in biotechnology and standard wastewater treatment applications. Equipment is easily available for these applications, whether as small 0.2 micron sterilizing filter used to terminally sterilize 100 ml of product solution, or a small 500 ml crossflow filter used to concentrate a small amount of antibody solution. Many vendors of this equipment to wastewater treatment applications have their origins in the CPI (Chemical Process Industries), and have incorporated many of the scale-up and optimization properties developed in much larger units used in large scale chemical production. As a result, these two filtration unit operations are one of the most optimized and efficient used in wastewater treatment. 

This is primarily engaged in analysis of boiler water treatment matters and involves on-site studies of various problems and the chemical examination of corrosion products, boiler scales, etc. It can also carry out certain types of metallurgical, fuel and inorganic analysis. Normal wet methods of analysis coupled with a visible ultraviolet and atomic absorption spectrophotometer are used for a wide range of analytical applications. Equipment in use by the engineering insurers providing these services can include an ion chromatograph, spectrometer equipment, atomic... 

Paints have their own individual data sheets, prepared by the manufacturer as the result of extensive testing including laboratory tests, field trials and experience in use. These instructions should be followed closely in respect of type of application equipment, operating air pressure, tip size, pot life, curing time at various temperatures, recoating interval, etc. The inspector should have the data sheets available at all times and refer to them. 

Spray 0.1 ohm per square foot hard, dense coating. mechanical bonding to plastic special applications equipment required requires special applicator safety procedures for dust and fumes warps thermoplastics not suitable for thin-walled designs not field repairable. 

Ion Plating film thickness not limited to simple housing designs. not field repairable specialized application equipment vacuum chamber size a limiting factor requires specialized knowledge subject to corrosion in humid atmosphere unless protected. 

At Eglin AFB, Florida, the U.S. Air Force initiated an experiment in 1962 to test aerial application equipment for deposition of defoliants... 

Aliquots of water used for dilution are taken from plastic bucket and divided into other plastic buckets. A portion of the water is poured into the plastic bags containing the test materials. After thorough agitation, the concentrated test substance solution is poured into the plastic bucket and the plastic bag is rinsed twice with the rest of the water. After thorough agitation, the diluted test solution in the bucket is poured into the application equipment. 

Application equipment must be of a standard (commercial) type. 

After the application, the application equipment should be washed twice with running water. 

Spray tanks or hoppers. Granular products should be weighed before placement in application equipment. The time of preparation and application should also be recorded. 

Protocols must specify calibration of application equipment before and after application to determine the rate of product delivery when application equipment was traveling at a constant ground speed. Liquid or emulsion samples should be collected from spray nozzles and granule collection should occur as the test substance exits the application equipment. Once the correct ground speed has been determined for a given application system, that speed is maintained throughout the application process. 

Protocols should require documentation of actual application practices and times. Samples of applied pesticides should be collected to document application rates to study sites. The test substance must be applied with typical equipment used for the crop, and the application must be made in accordance with the labeled use. Another variable that impacts such studies is the fact that most landowners have their own application equipment, which increases the variance in actual application rates among fields and may cause differential intra-field heterogeneity in application rates. 

Type of application equipment used for example, using over-the-top spray boom or air blast for grapes. The sprayer should be consistent with local cultural practices for each test site. 

Ground boom application equipment should be calibrated as follows ... 

When the new materials are developed, there is still the need to determine that they can be effectively and properly applied. This requires investigations in the field of application equipment—sprayers, dusters, etc. The standard machines for handling large volumes of insecticides are not suitable where the dosage is reduced—as it can be—to amounts as low as a gallon of finished insecticide per acre. 

---