Equipment availability

Quality in NDT depends upon a number of factors. Qualification of NDT personnel, technical state and correctness of choice of testing equipment, availability of approved working procedures of examination, calibration of NDT equipment have decisive importance among those factors of an NDT laboratory. Assessment of NDT laboratory competence is provided through accreditation in compliance with the EN 45000 series standards. 

The three principal methods of batch proportioning are accumulative, sequential, and simultaneous the best method for a given appHcation depends on the processing equipment available and the accuracy required. 

J. T. Stewart and T. D. Pay, "Coal Gasification Processes and Equipment Available for Small Industrial AppHcations," paper presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification Eiquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., Aug. 1—3,1978. 

In the spring of 1989, it was announced that electrochemists at the University of Utah had produced a sustained nuclear fusion reaction at room temperature, using simple equipment available in any high school laboratory. The process, referred to as cold fusion, consists of loading deuterium into pieces of palladium metal by electrolysis of heavy water, E)20, thereby developing a sufficiently large density of deuterium nuclei in the metal lattice to cause fusion between these nuclei to occur. These results have proven extremely difficult to confirm (20,21). Neutrons usually have not been detected in cold fusion experiments, so that the D-D fusion reaction familiar to nuclear physicists does not seem to be the explanation for the experimental results, which typically involve the release of heat and sometimes gamma rays. 

Erequendy, the curing equipment available, ie, presses, autoclaves, LCM lines, etc, do not allow the curing conditions to be varied as desired, so the compounder must design a cure system compatible with the existing equipment while also meeting the compound performance requirements. 

Equipment Available for Membrane Processes, Bulletin No. 115, International Dairy Eederation, Bmssels, p. 1979 (available through Library of Congress or... 

Equipment Suite An equipment suite is the collection of equipment available for producing a group of products. Normally, this group of products is similar in certain respects. For example, they might all be manufactured from the same major raw materials. Within the equipment suite, material transfer and metering capabilities are available for these raw materials. The equipment suite contains all of the necessary types of processing equipment (reactors, separators, and so on) reqiiired to convert the raw materials into salable products. A plant may consist of only one suite of equipment, but large plants usually contain multiple equipment suites. 

Selection of Equipment If a new product is being considered, the preliminaiy study must be highly detailed. Laboratory or pilot-plant work must be done to establish the controhing factors. The problem is then to select and instaU equipment which 1 operate for quantity production at minimum overall cost. Most equipment vendors have pilot equipment available on a rental basis or can conduct test runs in their own customer-demonstration facilities. 

Regardless of the machine device, centrifuges are typically maintenance-intensive. Filters can be cheaper in terms of capital and maintenance and should be considered first unless centrifugal equipment already exists. Small facilities (<1000 liters) use filtration, since centrifugation scale-down is constrained by equipment availability. Comparative economics of the two classes of operations are discussed by Datar and Rosen (loc. cit.). 

Avoid the temptation to overreact after an accident and install an excessive amount of protective equipment or complex procedures which are unhkely to be followed after a few years have elapsed. Sometimes an accident occurs because the protective equipment available was not used nevertheless, the report recommends installation of more protective equipment or an accident occurs because complex procedures were not followed and the report recommends extra procedures. It would be better to find out why the original equipment was not used or the original procedures were not followed. 

Experimental analysis involves the use of thermal hazard analysis tests to verify the results of screening as well as to identify reaction rates and kinetics. The goal of this level of testing is to provide additional information by which the materials and processes may be characterized. The decision on the type of experimental analysis that should be undertaken is dependent on a number of factors, including perceived hazard, planned pilot plant scale, sample availability, regulations, equipment availability, etc. 

The vibration equipment available is probably best approached by discussing the basic sensors and what they do or don t do. Because monitors now run from A to Z, the reader can obtain vendor literature or dig into tlie multitude of papers and articles on the monitoring, hardware, software, and, in some cases, philosophy of instrumentation. 

If considered safe to do so - having regard to the nature of the emergency, the substance and the emergency equipment available - follow a selection of the following procedures in an appropriate order ... 

Implementability of the corrective measure is concerned with the constructability of the facilities (i.e., site constraints, permitability, equipment availability, and the time it takes to implement and to operate and maintain the facility.)... 

Assists in the identification of equipment available from chemical facilities, local emergency responders, hospitals, other communities, and private contractors. 

The methods employed neeessarily vary widely from one refinery to another, depending on the crude processed, the nature and location of the market, the type of equipment available, and many other factors. However, for simplifieation, it may be considered that all refining processes fall into one of four basic categories. 

Many of the sites did not effectively identify the nature and location of potential emergencies. The contractors SSAHPs at Sites A, B, F, and K did not include site-specific information about the nature and source of potential emergencies. The plan in effect at Site H did not provide a description of the nature and location of potential spill hazards and emergencies, nor did it indicate the type of spill containment equipment available or the locations on site where this and other emergency response equipment was stored. 

Equipment Availability. In many cases the equipment is not available off the shelf, and the delivery time may be lengthy hence, adequate planning is necessary to ensure that the commissioning date can be met with the plant selected. 

The first step in carrying out the design is to select amongst alternative types of equipment available (crystallizers, filters etc.) and to determine data... 

The NERC GADS ten-year review report for 1971-1980 on equipment availability presents statistical data sets on the performance of major types of electrical power generating units. Cumulative and unit.-year averages are calculated on such quantities as service hours, available hours, scheduled outage rate, mean time between full forced outages, shutdown because of economic reasons, and probability of outage. The number of start demands and successful starts are included. 

The most desirable source of equipment reliability data for a CPQRA is the operating experience of the process and plant being studied. Therefore, a chapter of this book provides information that will help an engineer locate raw plant reliability data and convert them to failure rates. However, the quality and confidenee level of the plant-specific data may be questionable because of operating and maintenance procedures, short relevant operating experience, and limited pieces of equipment available for study. The best data to use in a CPQRA are often a combination of generic and plant-specific data. 

Hat ing spill clean-up equipment available in a prominent and unobstructed location in the shop... 

Durihg recent years a considerable amount of re-.search has been undertaken to understand what in the makeup of a polymer affects the processability. In the late 1980s, the Rubber Manufacturers Association in the United States undertook a research project with the Department of Polymer Engineering at the University of Akron to evaluate the laboratory equipment available using specially made butadiene-acrylonitrile polymers with different acrylonitrile levels, molecular weights, and molecular weight distributions. The results from the study confirmed that, from the processing variables viewpoint, the major factors are frequency (shear rate), temperature (temperature), and deformation (strain). 

The separating ability of most units is limited to 5-micron particles. However, some will take out 1 to 5p particles at a sacrifice in collection efficiency. Due to the peculiarities of each system as well as the equipment available to perform the separation, it is well to consult manufacturers regarding expected performance. Quite often they will want to run test units, particularly on difficult separations. References [12,13] give good descriptions of... 

The process designer or mechanical engineer in a process plant is not expected to, nor should he, actually design a mechanical vacuum pump or steam jet, biit rather he should be knowledgeable enough to establish the process requirements for capacity, pressure drops, etc., and understand the operation and details of equipment available. 

This chapter describes the various auxiliary equipment that are important to the function of oil field activities. This equipment is used in drilling, well completion, production, and related operations. The discussions that follow will concentrate on the basic operation characteristics and specifications required by a user. The aim is to give the user the information needed to ascertain whether the equipment available for a particular field operation is adequate, or if the equipment available is not adequate, how to specify what equipment will be necessary. 

Adequate personal protective equipment available for handling and use of material specified Antidotes/emergency facilities available ... 

Such a literature survey may lead to the compilation of a list of possible procedures and the ultimate selection must then be made in the light of the criteria previously enunciated, and with special consideration being given to questions of possible interferences and to the equipment available. 

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