Types of Formulation

Formulas are very simple. For example, in the case of black they often contain no additives and consist merely of pigment, mineral oil, and asphaltic pitch. Low mb inks are available however, due to economics, a traditional type of formulation based on mineral oil and high stmcture carbon black is predominantly used. 

Uses. The principal use of monosodium phosphate is as a water-soluble soHd acid and pH buffer, primarily in acid-type cleaners. The double salt, NaH2P04 H PO, referred to as hemisodium orthophosphate or sodium hemiphosphate, is often generated in situ from monosodium phosphate and phosphoric acid in these types of formulations. Mixtures of mono- and disodium phosphates are used in textile processing, food manufacture, and other industries to control pH at 4—9. Monosodium phosphate is also used in boiler-water treatment, as a precipitant for polyvalent metal ions, and as an animal-feed supplement. 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

As a consequence, it is not possible to devise a single class of anodic inhibitor formulation that satisfies all water treatment requirements. Rather, there several types of formulations, and some formulators may offer each of these products in different strengths, with or without oxygen scavengers and indicator dyes in their blends. As examples, a nitrite/sUicate formulation and a molybdate/nitrite formulation are provided here ... 

Kelig 100 is a sodium lignosulfonate with a high degree of sulfonation and excellent sequestering properties, and it is compatible with almost all types of formulations. 

Where sodium sulfite is added as a component of multifunctional or one-drum products designed for smaller boilers, no cobalt catalyst is added because of the cobalt alkaline precipitation problem. Consequently, if the FW temperature is low this type of formulation is unsuitable because the sulfite requirement will be too high and the available reaction time too short. Probably a tannin-based, one-drum product would be more suitable (although here again there may be a problem because tannin-based products, unlike sulfite cannot be mixed with amines). 

This type of formulation is extremely common and various product strengths exist. 

This chapter discusses the problems associated with each of the zones, the types of fuel treatments available, and benefits to be gained, and provides an outline on the type of formulations employed. 

Up to the early 1960s, alkanolamide (already mentioned earlier) was added to this type of formulation as a foam booster. 

Because of its superior solubility characteristics, a high 2-phenyl LAS (with an alkyl chain length average of 11.4) was the preferred type. The detergency performance of one LAS/AE type of formulation was discussed previously (see Figs. 12 and 13). Early commercial heavy-duty liquid (HDL) formulations were built with phosphate, but since 1979 almost all U.S. HDLs have been formulated without phosphate. 

Interestingly, the choice of LSDA is immaterial as long as its LSDR is 10 or less. The superior detergency of the above formulation using MES (TMS) as dispersant was confirmed by actual laundry bundle tests. It was also found that this type of formulation could be processed by spray-drying, drum-drying, or by various soap-drying processes. 

A case study on the operational improvement of a plasma etching unit in microelectronics fabrication ends the section. This case study illustrates that if similar preference structures are used in both types of formulation, identical final solutions are found when either categorical or continuous performance evaluation modes are employed. 

As a rule, residue trials are conducted only with the formulations or types of formulation proposed for registration or re-registration. Different formulations or mixtures may, however, be used in different countries. The details of the relevant formulation should always be presented in the study plan. 

Designed experimentation, involving mostly some type or modification of factorial design, has been used to study many different types of formulation problems. These include a pharmaceutical suspension [21], a controlled-release tablet formulation [22], and a tabletcoating operation [23]. In the latter case, Dincer and Ozdurmus studied an enteric film coating and utilized the steepest descent graphic method to select the optimum. 

Solid oral dosage forms, particularly tablets, are the preferred type of formulation in the United States. Not only are these products widely accepted by consumers, but they are also relatively cheaper to develop and manufacture than oral liquids or suspensions, par-enterals, or suppositories. Figure 4 shows, quite clearly, that even the elderly primarily make use of solid oral dosage forms [162]. 

Liquids and Suspensions. Most liquid formulations are not packaged in unit-dosage form. Therefore, before administration, the proper amount of medication to be taken for each dose must be measured. This additional requirement may compound any difficulties a patient may have in following a prescribed schedule. Patients suffering from visual impairment, arthritis, or tremors associated with neurological disorders are particularly likely to become frustrated with this type of formulation. Visual impairments make it difficult, if not impossible, for many elderly patients to measure the prescribed amounts of medication accurately. Impaired dexterity, owing to tremors or arthritis, may have effects on a patient s ability to hold both a spoon and a bottle at the same time while pouring out the desired amount of liquid. 

In this table, it can be recognized that there are problems inherent in these types of formulations from both the patient s and the manufacturer s point of view. This is why most pharmaceutical companies make attempts to avoid these types of dosage forms, if at all possible. However, with the advent of biotechnological products, which often do not lend them, selves to conventional dosage formulations, parenteral and invasive measures may be the only answer. 

Effervescent Tablets. Effervescent tablets are another means of supplying medications to the elderly. This type of formulation provides the patient with an easy-to-swallow product that is aesthetically pleasing (i.e., forms a clear solution, rather than a cloudy... 

Oral dosage forms are often developed under time constraints, and preferably by an efficient use of available resources. One way to reduce time and increase efficiency could be to minimize the number of different formulations included in the different stages of clinical development. The BCS could be used, as a framework to decide which types of formulation should be suitable for a certain compound. 

According to Zeleznik and Gordon, tempers became so heated that a panel convened in 1959 to discuss equilibrium computation had to be split in two. Both sides seemed to have lost sight of the fact that the equilibrium constant is a mathematical expression of minimized free energy. As noted by Smith and Missen (1982), the working equations of Brinkley (1947) and White et al. (1958) are suspiciously similar. As well, the complexity of either type of formulation depends largely on the choice of components and independent variables, as described in Chapter 3. 

Setting of specifications for IVIVC on Level B is more of a challenge. A procedure has been described requiring homomorphic dissolution profiles on the in vitro side and BA data for at least three formulation variables on the in vivo side using interpolation (24). Extrapolation of Level B IVIVC is considered to be very questionable, so one is limited to interpolation within the established limits of the IVIVC. For Level B or C correlations, additional BA/BE will be needed if the IVIVC is to be extended to different types of formulations and/or different brands. 

The type of formulation can affect the pharmacokinetics of the drug and thus can alter the toxicological profile, making comparison of animal and human pharmacokinetics occasionally difficult. 

Topical formulations are another special case. Over time, it has been shown that the minipig has a skin structure that is quite similar to humans, and that species is now used commonly as the nonrodent model. These types of formulations also require local irritation studies where guinea pigs are used to determine delayed contact sensitization. Selection of the animal species for the nonclinical program is often not straightforward. 

An expert system has been written which helps the agricultural chemist develop formulations for new biologically active chemicals. The decision making process is segmented into two parts. The first is which type of formulation to use. The second is how to make a formulation of that tyrpe with the chemical of interest. The knowledge base currently contains rules to determine which formulation type to try and how to make an emulsifiable concentrate. The next phase will add rules on how to make other types of formulations. The program also interfaces to several FORTRAN programs which perform calculations such as solubilities. 

A water soluble liquid formulation (WSL) is prepared from pesticides that are highly water soluble. This is, by far, the simplest type of formulation. One distinct advantage of WSL s over other formulations is that the field spray dilutions are infinitely stable as true solutions. Pesticides that are hydrophilic and ionic, such as inorganic or organic metallic salts, often fall into this category. Unfortunately, only a small portion of all pesticides are adequately soluble in water. 

The system can help scientists reliably determine what type of formulation to make. However, the only branch of the decision tree which has rules is the emulsifiable concentrates (EC) branch. The system can determine which solvents to try to make an EC. Its decision relies heavily on rules and solubility calculations. Work is just beginning on the rules to determine which emulsifiers to use. 

Initial vaccination studies with LPDI nanoparticles were completed using liposomes prepared with both 1,2-dioleyltriammonium propane (DOTAP) and cholesterol. After it was determined that cholesterol played only a small structural role and was not necessary for activity, the liposomes were then prepared using only DOTAP to become an LPDI type of formulation. Regardless of the lipid used, the ratio of cationic lipid, polycation, and DNA must be maintained to have all properties associated with LPDI particles (2). 

Preformulation testing provides a basic dossier on the compound and plays a significant role in identifying possible problems and suitable approaches to formulation. Such dossiers already exist for the common excipients. The requirement for aqueous solubility is paramount and preformulation can identify salt forms that are appropriate for further development. Stability and solubility studies wiU indicate the feasibility of various types of formulation such as parenteral liquids and their probable shelf lives. Similar information can be garnered for solid products from the solid physical properties. By performing these studies on a series of candidate compounds, the optimum compound can be identified and further biological and chemical studies guided to provide the best results. 

In treating stream mixing, the mixing device was defined as part of the designated refinery operation itself. This approach was also undertaken by Zhang and Zhu (2006). Therefore the only mixers considered are where the final blending takes place. This approach distinguishes the contribution of each feedstock to the final product. With this type of formulation, all variables and attributes of intermediate streams will depend on the crude type. 

An accurate and precise technique for quantitation of drugs in all types of formulations. 

The third edition is truly remarkable in its scope, depth, and readability. It is both comprehensive and remarkably up-to-date. The field (and the practice) of clinical psychopharmacology has expanded radically over the past few years, in the number and types of drugs available to treat psychiatric disorders, the types of formulations being used (or in testing), and the depth of knowledge of their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. This parallels the growth in psychiatry and brain science. 

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