Residue data

USDA, Domestic Residue Data Book, Food Safety and Inspection Service, National Residue Program, Washington, D.C., 1992 pubHshed aimuaHy. General References... 

Pubhc concerns about pesticides in the diet of infants and children resulted in an expert committee convened by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences which devoted four years to the review of all available data. A consensus report was issued in 1993 (80). A number of recommendations for further work to more precisely define what constitutes the diet of infants and children were made. No risk could be estimated. The residue data reviewed by the panel were mainly from monitoring studies conducted by the PDA using multiresidue methods to analyze fresh produce and market basket samples collected from various geographic areas (81,82). These and other rehable scientific studies have demonstrated that relatively few food samples contain detectable residues. Most residues are far below estabhshed tolerances which are set above the maximum residue found in treated raw agricultural... 

Provides access to detailed information on all categories of pesticides including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides. Included is information on pesticide toxicity, health effects, residual data, efficacy, and other information. NPIC is a cooperative effort of the U.S. EPA and the Oregon State University Department of Agricultural Chemistry. NPIC is staffed from 6 30 a.m to 4 30 p.m. Pacific Standard Time. 

Hamilton DJ, Holland PT, Ohlin B, et al. 1999. Optimum use of available residue data in the estimation of dietary intake of pesticides. Pestic Sci 55(2) 220-221. 

In predicting the effects of a pollutant on population growth rate, the effects of the chemical on the values of t, I, and n are of central interest. Chemical residue data and biomarker assays that provide measures of toxic effects are relevant here because they can, in concept, be used to relate the effects of a chemical upon the individual organism to a population parameter such as survivorship or fecundity (Figures 4.5 and 4.6). Examples of this are discussed in the second part of the text, including the reduction of survivorship of sparrow hawks caused by dieldrin (Chapter 5), the... 

Coplanar PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs express Ah-receptor-mediated toxicity (Chapter 6, Section 6.2.4). Binding to the receptor leads to induction of cytochrome P4501 and a number of associated toxic effects. Again, toxic effects are related to the extent of binding to this receptor and appear to be additive, even with complex mixtures of planar polychlorinated compounds. Induction of P4501A1/2 has been widely used as the basis of a biomarker assay. Residue data can be used to estimate TEQs for dioxin (see Chapter 7, Section 7.2.4). 

A crucial operation in the NIPALS algorithm is the calculation of the residual data matrix which is independent of the contributions by the first singular vector. This can be produced by the instruction ... 

When pushed to the limit by overriding human health concerns, residue chemists have achieved detection limits of Ippt (Ingkg ) or even into the low ppqr (1 pg kg ) range. An example at the 1 ppt level is provided by methods for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in milk and TCDD in adipose tissue. Eor relatively clean matrices such as water and air, preconcentration on solid-phase adsorbents followed by GC or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can provide detection limits of 1 ng m and less for air (examples in Majewski and Capel ) and 1 ngL and less for water (examples in Larson et A summary of units of weight and concentration used to express residue data is given in Table 1. 

In addition to regulatory agencies, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), through its Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service (CSREES) and the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), funds or carries out the development of analytical methods and the collection of residue data in studies for registration... 

A. Ambrus, Quality of residue data, in Pesticide Chemistry and Bioscience The Food-Environment Challenge, ed. G.T. Brooks and TR. Robers, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 339-350 (1999). 

Reliable residue data are generated during the development of an a.i. to support the assessment of the consumer risk (residue data and toxicological data) and the impact on the environment (fate and behavior, efficacy and ecotoxicological data). It is critical that these analytical methods are reliably validated. In the guidance document SANCO/3029/99 rev. 4 (11/07/00), harmonized requirements for the residue analytical method are described. Validated analytical methods are required for the following studies ... 

In preparation for a registration submission, applicants should conduct a residue study on each edible crop through supervised field trials. Residue data should be prepared for each use pattern and formulation type to be labeled. 

Raw agriculture commodity requirements. Residues on all parts of crops that can be consumed are analyzed without preparation (e.g., washing and peeling, etc.) in the residue studies. There are no requirements on the residue data on processing foods. 

The processing trial should be conducted close to or in conjunction with one of the standard RAC trials. In this way, the residue data from the RAC trial will help confirm the validity of the data obtained in the processing trial. Alternatively, the processing trial could simply be considered as one of the RAC trials, and an additional, larger sample could be harvested for the processing portion of the study. The crop for a processing study should be grown exactly the same as for a normal field residue trial. 

Field residue data, which are generated to meet requirements in the pesticide registration process, are used to regulate the use of agriculture products within the European Union (EU). This article examines the best practices to conduct crop field trials and to generate crop residue samples in Europe in order to provide part of the data that the agrochemical producers of the active ingredients must provide to the EU Commission. 

Cranberries Not likely to require foreign residue data. Cranberries account for an extremely low percentage of the US diet. In this case, ERA would probably not require submission of foreign residue data because dietary exposure to residues in imported cranberries is very low and ERA determines that US field trials would be representative of growing conditions in Canada. ... 

In addition to the processed commodities listed in the Series 860 Table 1, some registrants choose also to provide data on other processed fractions. With the advent of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and the emphasis on protecting the food supply for children, collecting residue data on additional processed commodities may be prudent. Fruit purees are popular as baby food in the USA and are an example of a processed commodity that could come under additional scrutiny since they make up a large portion of an infant diet. 

The registrant may submit residue data on any number of processed fractions. Table 1 of the 860 Series just defines what the EPA is required. A registrant may be wise to take a proactive approach and collect residue data on additional processed commodities for use in dietary exposure assessments. 

In the modern pesticide residues laboratory, analysts are under ever increasing pressure to (1) increase the range of pesticides which can be sought in a single analysis, (2) improve limits of detection, precision and quantitation, (3) increase confidence in the validity of residues data, (4) provide faster methods, (5) reduce the usage of hazardous solvents and (6) reduce the costs of analysis. 

Universal and selective detectors, linked to GC or LC systems, have remained the predominant choice of analysts for the past two decades for the determination of pesticide residues in food. Although the introduction of bench-top mass spectrometers has enabled analysts to produce more unequivocal residue data for most pesticides, in many laboratories the use of selective detection methods, such as flame photometric detection (FPD), electron capture detection (BCD) and alkali flame ionization detection (AFID) or nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), continues. Many of the new technologies associated with the on-going development of instrumental methods are discussed. However, the main objective of this section is to describe modern techniques that have been demonstrated to be of use to the pesticide residue analyst. 

For these reasons, it is desirable to perform a series of simple calculations to determine if the field capacity for a given depth of soil is ever exceeded, rather than simply overlaying water inputs over plots of residue data. The following series of calculations addresses the primary issue of whether sufficient water was applied to the test system at appropriate intervals to create leaching opportunities ... 

Based on the patch method to assess worker or re-entry exposure, researchers have developed a database, which may be used to estimate exposure. Each patch from an individual in a study can be entered into the database separately, the residue data from patches from various body areas can be summed to yield a whole-body exposure number, and the data may be sorted as to worker tasks, equipment used, protective clothing worn, formulation types and other parameters. This is the basis for the currently used Pesticide Handlers Data Base (PHED), which was developed through a joint effort in the 1980s of CropLife America [formerly known as American Crop Protection Association (ACPA) and National Agricultural Chemicals Association (NACA)], the Environmental Protection Agency (ERA) and Health Canada. " The PHED is discussed in detail in another article in this book. 

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