Drilling equipment

Petroleum and Natural Gas. Over 90% of the 428,000 t of caustic soda used in the petroleum and natural gas industry is used to process oil and gas into marketable products, especially by removing acidic contaminants. The remainder is used primarily to decrease corrosion of drilling equipment and to increase the solubiUty of drilling mud components by maintaining an alkaline pH (6). 

Phthalocyanines are excellent lubricants at temperatures of 149—343°C (191). Combinations with other lubricants, like grease, molybdenum, or tungsten sulfides, have found appHcations in the automotive industry or professional drilling equipment (192—195). Further uses include indicators for iron(Il), molybdenum(V), and uranium(IV) (196) or redox reactions (197), medical appHcations like hemoglobin replacements (198) or sterilisation indicators (199), or uses like in gas filters for the removal of nitrogen oxides from cigarette smoke (200). 

Mechanical or coil bindings ate used for notebooks and calendars. The pages ate coUated and special drilling equipment is used to punch holes in the paper. Metal or plastic cods ate insetted. This durable binding allows finished books to lay flat. 

Miscellaneous Commercial Applications. Dimer acids are components of "downweU" corrosion inhibitors for oil-drilling equipment (see Petroleum Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). This may account for 10% of current dimer acid use (71). The acids, alkyl esters, and polyoxyalkylene dimer esters are used commercially as components of metal-working lubricants (see Lubrication). Dimer esters have achieved some use in specialty lubricant appHcations such as gear oils and compressor lubricants. The dimer esters, compared to dibasic acid esters, polyol esters and poly(a-olefin)s, are higher in cost and of higher viscosity. The higher viscosity, however, is an advantage in some specialties, and the dimer esters are very stable thermally and can be made quite oxidatively stable by choice of proper additives. 

Safety- or health-hazard ehmination, as in collection of siliceous and metalhc dusts around grinding and drilling equipment and in some metallurgical operations and flour dusts from milling or bagging operations... 

The OREDA Offshore Reliability Data Handbooks covers a variety of components used in offshore oil drilling and platforms, including gas/fire detection systems, process alarm systems, firefighting systems, pressure relieving systems, general alarm and communication systems, evacuation systems, process systems (vessels, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, and compressors), electrical and utility systems, and drilling equipment. 

Specialized equipment or services (for example, drilling equipment, heavy equipment operations) [3]... 

Offshore oil equipment data and boundaries for 84. safety systems, process systems, electrical systems, utility systems, cranes and drilling equipment. 

Where drilling and production are expected to last a long time, fixed rigs have been preferred. These rigs stand on stilt-like legs imbedded in the sea bottom and usually carry the drilling equipment, production... 

Drilling Applications. Drilling equipment utilizes chain drives in various applications on the drilling rig itself and its auxiliary equipment. The drives for this type of equipment are called compound drives. Such drive equipment are subject to vary severe operational loads. Table 3-24 gives the typical service factors for these chain drives [16]. 

Most of the drilling equipment components are made from AISI 4,100 and 4,300 series of steel alloys that are heat treated to specific strength and hardness necessary to their particular operation conditions. 

Corrosion may take various forms and may combine other forms of damage (erosion, wear, fatigue, etc.) to cause equipment failure. The forms of corrosion most encountered in drilling equipment are uniform corrosion and galvanic corrosion. 

The basic principles of rotary drilling defined for onshore operations are also applicable to offshore operations. The primary difference offshore is that a stable, self-contained platform must be provided for the drilling equipment. Communication with a well through possibly thousands of feet of water provides for mechanical as well as procedural differences, primarily in well control. Onshore technology can be applied to offshore operations in many instances on bottom-supported rigs, but the use of floating vessels has resulted in the development of new technology tailored to the offshore environment. 

API Specification 7 API Specification for Rotary Drilling Equipment, Dallas, December 1981. 

API Bulletin DIO, Second Edition Procedure for Selecting Rotary Drilling Equipment, API, Dallas, January 1982. 

API Specification 7, Thirty-Fourth Edition Specifications for Rotary Drilling Equipment, May 1984. 

Standard drill presses, as well as other drilling equipment used for metals and wood, are appropriate for drilling and reaming thermoplastics. Speeds and feeds must be controlled to avoid heat build-up. 

Drilling equipment that is broken or stuck in the hole can be dissolved by means of a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids in the proportion of 1 3. To accelerate the dissolving of the metal, a mixture containing 1.1 parts by weight of sodium nitrate and 1.0 part of monoethanolamine is added initially... 

S. I. Dolganskaya and A. U. Shaiipov. Removal from hole of junk and stuck drilling equipment—by dissolving latter with mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids with added sodium nitrate and ethanolamine. Patent SU 1782271-A, 1992. 

To assess the well construction materials compatibility versus the subsurface environment and the pesticide of interest, manufacturers can provide data about the various well construction materials or samples can be acquired for laboratory analysis. Also, QC samples of each material can be collected during installation and preserved for laboratory analysis for potential sample bias, if necessary. In addition to well construction materials, the potable water used to clean drilling equipment and to prepare the grout and hydrate bentonite should also be collected for laboratory analysis (see Section 3.2.6). 

To install the screen and riser piping, the drilling equipment extends the borehole to the approximate desired depth of the bottom of the screen. Short sections of screen and/or riser pipe can be assembled above ground. A cap or plug (also with Aush joint threads) is commonly added to the bottom of the lowest section to prevent the enAy of formation materials. Precautions should be taken to keep the sections free of... 

If the content of the test tube was solid at ambient temperature, an electric drill equipped with a carbide bit produced, upon drilling, a thin ribbon that had a high surface area to volume ratio. This was leached with tetrahydrofuran at ambient conditions until chromatography analysis of the sol fraction indicated that equilibrium had been established. A gram of resin was leached with 25 ml of solvent. 

If the drilling equipment strikes a pressurized gas cannister, explosions are possible. This possibility demands the use of remote operation of the drilling procedure. The effectiveness of the demolition grout was found to be highly dependent on the temperature. Metal debris can disrupt retrieval procedures. 

Vertically placed bioreactors. Bioplugs, can be installed with conventional drilling equipment while horizontal bioreactors. Bioconduits, use directional drilling equipment for installation. The individual bioreactors influence a radius of 5 ft wide. Existing site conditions determine the distance between each reactor, along with its location and specific depth within the soil. 

The method of producing the laser pulse that ablates the hole(s) is of no consequence to the physical-chemical properties of the product. Therefore, no dosage fonn drilling equipment subclasses have been identified. 

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