Nutrient intake

Table 14.3 Baseline characteristics and estimated nutrient intakes at baseline based on four-day food recording ...

Generation of data on the nutrient content of agricultural products and foods forms the basis for estimating nutrient intakes of populations via dietary surveys, nutritional labelling for consumer protection, nutrition education for consumer food choice, home and institution menu planning and food purchase, and for research in nutrient requirements and metabolism, toxicant chemical composition is used to assess effects of farm management practices, crop culture, and food processing on chemical content and implications for human health. 

Stanek K, Manton W, Angle C, et al. 1998. Lead consumption of 18- to 36-month-old children as determined from duplicate diet collections nutrient intakes, blood lead levels, and effects on growth. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98(2) 155-158. 

Wade J, Milner J, Krondl M. Evidence for a physiological regulation of food selection and nutrient intake in twins. Am J Clin Nutr 1981 34(2) 143-147. 

Bellew C, Kuesters S and Gillespie C (2000), Beverage choices affect adequacy of children s nutrient intakes , Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 1148-1152. 

Risk factors for undernutrition include any disease state, complicating condition, treatment, or socioeconomic condition that results in decreased nutrient intake, altered metabolism, and/or malabsorption. The presence of three to four risk factors puts a person at risk for undernutrition. 

Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-78. Preliminary Report No. 2. "Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in 1 day in the United States, Spring 1977", SEA/USDA, Washington, D.C., 1980. 

The diet treatments were level of phytate intake, either 0.2 or 2.0 g/day. Each level was consumed for 15 days, three consecutive repeats of the 5-day menu cycle. To provide 2.0 g/day of phytic acid, 36 g of wheat bran was baked into 6 muffins and two muffins were eaten each meal. Dephytinized bran was prepared by incubating the bran in water and allowing the endogenous phytase to hydrolyze the phytate, then the entire incubation mixture was freeze-dried (4) and 36 g baked into 6 muffins. Thus, the intake of all nutrients and neutral detergent fiber was the same for both phytate intakes. Five subjects consumed the whole bran muffins for 15 days followed by the dephytinized bran muffins for 15 days and the other 5 subjects in the reverse order. Brilliant blue dye was given at breakfast on the first day of each collection period to aid in demarcation of stools. Stool composites were made for days 1-5, 6-15, 16-20 and 21-30 and urine composites for days 6-15, and 21-30. Daily food composites were made, homogenized, freeze-dried and then analyzed to determine mineral nutrient intakes. 

The basal diet was a measured, laboratory controlled diet based on ordinary foods fed in sufficient quantities to meet caloric requirements of the 127 subjects for weight maintenance and meeting or exceeding the National Research Council Daily Recommended Nutrient Intakes. 

RDA have been established for many essential nutrients however, present knowledge of human nutritional needs of pantothenic acid and biotin is incomplete. Therefore, to ensure adequate nutrient intake, obtain the recommended allowances from as varied a selection of foods as possible. Nutritionists suggest that dietary planning include regular intake of each of the four basic food groups ... 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) refer to nutrient intake values estimated to be adequate for 50% of age- and gender-specific groups. As seen in the table below, DRIs are comprised of RDAs in bold type and Adequate Intakes (Als) in ordinary type followed by asterisk ( ). These values may be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are estimated to meet the needs of most individuals (97% to 98%). For healthy breast-fed infants, the Al represents mean intake. For all other life-stage groups, the Al is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent specifying with confidence with percentage of individuals covered by this intake. 

Volkert, D., Kreuel, K., Heseker, H., and Stehle, P. (2004). Energy and nutrient intake of young-old, old-old and very-old elderly in Germany. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58,1190-1200. 

Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamins are recommended intake of various vitamin to ensure the good health of a high proportion of the human population. The RDA values quoted below refer to the United States population (Whitney and Rolfes, 1996). Reference nutrient intake... 

RNI) is the quantity of a nutrient sufficient to meet the needs of 97% of the population. Nutrient intakes equal to the RNI thus pose only a very small risk of deficiency. United Kingdom RNI values (Department of Health, 1991) are also quoted below. 

Adequate Intake (Al) The Al is set instead of an RDA if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to calculate an EAR or RDA The Al is based on estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. For example, the Al for young infants, for whom human milk is the recommended sole source of food for the first four to six months, is based on the estimated daily mean nutrient intake supplied by human milk for healthy, full-term infants who are exclusively breast-fed. 

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) UL is the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects may increase. The UL is not intended to be a recommended level of intake. ULs are useful because of the increased availability of fortified foods and the increased use of dietary supplements. The UL applies to chronic daily use. For some nutrients, there may be insufficient data on which to develop a UL. 

It is hypothesized that a prolonged low dietary intake of calcium may be one of several factors contributing to loss of alveolar (jaw) bone which supports the teeth (NDC 1984B Rogoff et al 1984 Albanese 1983 Daniell 1983). Loss of alveolar bone may accelerate periodontal disease and therefore contribute to tooth loss (Rogoff et al. 1984 Albanese 1983). Moreover, continued loss of alveolar bone after tooth loss can lead to unstable or poor-fitting dentures, which not only adversely affects nutrient intake but may also exacerbate alveolar bone loss (Rogoff et al. 1984). 

United States regulations on nutrition labeling of foods require that cholesterol content be given and that it be analyzed by GC measurement as shown in the AOAC method, which uses a packed column (Lewis et al., 1996 AOAC, 1990). The reference value, which is a set of recommended nutrient intake levels of cholesterol, is defined as 300 mg. However, the Codex guideline does not request labeling of cholesterol. Cholesterol contents in some foods and foodstuffs determined by GC measurement are summarized in Table Dl.3.3. 

Zhou, B.F., Stamler, J., Dennis, B., Moag-Stahlberg, A., Okuda, N., Robertson, C., Zhao, L., Chan, Q., and Elliott, P. 2003. Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s The INTERMAP study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 17, 623-630. 

Table 7.4. Dietary self-selection by chicks and effect on nutrient intake. (From Dove, 1935.)...

Bui, X.M., Ogle, B. and Lindberg, J.E. (2001) Effect of choice feeding on the nutrient intake and performance of broiler ducks. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 14, 1728-1733. 

The Lipid Research Clinics Population Studies Data Book, Vol. II. The Prevalence Study - Nutrient Intake" U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1982, pp. 42-3. 

Interest in dietary components which explain differences in breast cancer rates comes from strong correlations between nutrient supply within nations and their age-adjusted rates for breast cancer (11). The most frequently cited dietary components related to higher risk of breast cancer are total fat, total protein, calories, animal fat, animal protein, and a lack of fiber. Overall it has not been possible to identify the specific dietary constituents responsible for the observed incidence since the intakes of many dietary factors such as protein, fat, and calories are strongly intercorrelated. Other studies of nutrient intake and breast... 

Both drugs and disease can cause changes in appetite and nutrient intake resultant malnutrition can impact on drug efficacy... 

Carrocio A, Montalto G, Cavera G, et al. Lactose intolerance and self-reported milk intolerance relationship with lactose maldigestion and nutrient intake. /Am CollNutr 17 631-636,1998. 

Depending on nutrient intake, the human pancreas secretes about 3 L of alkaline juice per day. Pancreatic juice contains hydrolytic enzymes... 

Vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) help to regulate your metabolism. They are the building blocks of blood and bone, and they maintain muscles and nerves. In Canada, a standard called Recommended Nutrient Intake [RNI] outlines the amounts of micronutrients that people should ingest each day. Eating a balanced diet is the best way to achieve your RNI. Sometimes, however, you may need to take multivitamin supplements when you are unable to attain your RNI through diet alone. 

The RNI (Recommended Nutrient Intake) of iron for women is listed as 14.8 mg per day. Ferrous gluconate, Fe(C6Hii07)2 is often used as an iron supplement for those who do not get enough iron in their diet because it is relatively easy for the body to absorb. Some iron-fortified breakfast cereals contain elemental iron metal as their source of iron. 

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