Life stages

Frequently, tlie failure rate of equipment exliibits tliree stages a break-in stage with a declining failure rate, a useful life stage cliaracterized by a fairly constant... 

Liney, K.E., Jobling, S., and Shears, J. A. et al. (2005). Assessing the sensitivity of different life stages for sexual disruption in roach Rutilus rutilus) exposed to effluents from wastewater treatment works. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 1299-1307. 

Matta, M.B., Caimcross, C., and Kocan, R.M. (1997). Effect of a polychlorinated biphenyl metabolite on early life stage survival of two species of trout. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59, 146-151. 

Mensink, B.P., Everaarts, J.M., and Kralt, H. et al. (1996). Tributyltin exposure in early life stages induces the development of male sexual characteristics in the common wheUc, Buccinum undatum. Marine Environmental Research 42, 151-154. 

Panter, G.H., Hutchinson, T.H., and Hurd, K.S. et al. (2006). Development of chronic tests for endocrine active chemicals—Part 1. An extended fish early-life stage test for oestrogenic active chemicals in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Aquatic Toxicology 77, 279-290. 

Strmac, M. and Braunbeck, T. (1999). Effects of triphenyltin acetate on survival, hatching success, and liver ultrastructure of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicology and Environmental 44, 25-39. 

Westerlund, L., Billsson, K., and Andersson, P.L. et al. (2000). Early life stage mortality in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following maternal exposnre to polychlorinated biphenyls and estrogen. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 1582-1588. 

Figure 21.3 Modeling and simulation in the general context of the study of xenobiot-ics. The network of signals and regulatory pathways, sources of variability, and multistep regulation that are involved in this problem is shown together with its main components. It is important to realize how between-subject and between-event variation must be addressed in a model of the system that is not purely structural, but also statistical. The power of model-based data analysis is to elucidate the (main) subsystems and their putative role in overall regulation, at a variety of life stages, species, and functional (cell to organismal) levels. Images have been selected for illustrative purposes only. See color plate.

Zooplankton are small, often microscopic crustaceans that live in the water colunm. They are widely distributed, common, and important in pelagic food webs. Zooplankton are eaten by marty fish and by early life stages of some fish that become piscivorous as juverriles or adrrlts. Zooplankton are not eaten by httmans but are an appropriate and relevant candidate indicator because of their importance in the trophic transfer of MeHg to fish. Sampling would not significantly affect populations or assemblages of zooplankton, even in small lakes. 

Bishop CA, Lean DR, Brooks RJ, Carey JH, Ng P. 1995b. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in early life stages of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from a coastal wetland on Lake Ontario, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 421 26. 

Teigen SW, Andersen RA, Daae HL, Skaare JU. 1999. Heavy metal content in liver and kidneys of grey seals Halichoerus grypus) in various life stages correlated with metallothionein levels some metal-binding characteristics of this protein. Environ Toxicol Chem 18 2364-2369. 

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