Urine, composition

The diet treatments were level of phytate intake, either 0.2 or 2.0 g/day. Each level was consumed for 15 days, three consecutive repeats of the 5-day menu cycle. To provide 2.0 g/day of phytic acid, 36 g of wheat bran was baked into 6 muffins and two muffins were eaten each meal. Dephytinized bran was prepared by incubating the bran in water and allowing the endogenous phytase to hydrolyze the phytate, then the entire incubation mixture was freeze-dried (4) and 36 g baked into 6 muffins. Thus, the intake of all nutrients and neutral detergent fiber was the same for both phytate intakes. Five subjects consumed the whole bran muffins for 15 days followed by the dephytinized bran muffins for 15 days and the other 5 subjects in the reverse order. Brilliant blue dye was given at breakfast on the first day of each collection period to aid in demarcation of stools. Stool composites were made for days 1-5, 6-15, 16-20 and 21-30 and urine composites for days 6-15, and 21-30. Daily food composites were made, homogenized, freeze-dried and then analyzed to determine mineral nutrient intakes. 

There are numerous reports from other laboratories which are in line with these findings respecting individuality in urine composition, though seldom has attention been paid to repeated samples from the same individuals. 

Urine composition depends on testosterone, as in male mice (Schwende etal, 1986) and the wolf, Canis lupus (Raymer etal., 1986). In the wolf, these volatiles signal both sex and sexual maturity (Raymer eta/., 1986). Similarly, composition of female urine changes with the estrus cycle (Schwende etal., 1986). 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion diabetes insipidus, urine volume increase, other changes in urine composition, dermatitis, changes in the naMs, allergic rhinitis, serum sickness, effects on cyclic nucleotides. Human reproductive effects by an unspecified route posmatal measures or effects on newborn. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of CF and NOx. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen. US Food and Drug Administration recommends removal from laxative formulations. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. Human systemic effects changes in urine composition, gastritis, nausea or vomiting. Used in medicine as a laxative in chemistry as an indicator. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. 

Wysner, J. Wilhams, G.M. Saccharin mechanistic data and risk assessment urine composition, enhanced cell proliferation, and tumour promotion. Pharmacol. Ther. 1996, 71 (1-2), 225-252. 

Cameron, M.A., N.M. Maalouf, B. Adams-Huet, O.W. Moe, and K. Sakhaee. Urine Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Predisposition to Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 17, no. 5 (May 2006) 1422-28. 

FIGURE 5.6 A PCA plot that shows separation of a control population of rats based on diurnal differences in urine composition as detected hy ll NMR. PC3 versus PC5 scores plot of mean-centred data from NMR spectra of female rat urine collected during the day and night. I = night, A = day. 

Figure 19.1. Alternative processes for formation of urinary tract solids. (A) Direct formation of solids composed of chronically administered parent chemical or metabolite(s). (B) Indirect formation of urinary tract solids composed of chemicals normally present in the urine. Formation occurs because of significant alterations in urine composition secondary to altered urinary physiology, alteration of normal intermediary metabohsm, or secondary to an inherited metabolic disorder (e.g., gout, oxalosis) or surgical procedure (e.g., porta caval shunt).

The composition of urine varies considerably with diet and drinking, which results in a marked diurnal variation in the composition of the urine (Fisher et al. 1989). This has been demonstrated in rats for several parameters, but is essentially true for all and reflects the role of the urine as an excretory pathway. The relationship of this diurnal variation to food and water consumption can be demonstrated by reversing the light-dark hours in an animal room. Rodents are nocturnal in their eating pattern, so the urine composition varies based on the light and dark variations of their environment. Variations in the urine of humans also are dependent on food... 

The method used for the collection of luine to detect urinary solids is particularly sensitive to a variety of artifacts and variations in treatment (Cohen et al. 2007). Most of all, it is essential that the animals not be fasted or go without water during the period of collection of urine. Since the excretion of the substances that are included in formation of the urinary solids is dependent on their consmnption, fasting the animals changes the urine composition considerably and can lead to a condition in which the solids are no longer formed. Fiulhermore, urinary solids can be rapidly excreted in the mine and are not retained so if they are not being constantly formed anew, they will not be detected. This includes urinary tract calculi. Some calculi will be small enough that they will be excreted in the urine, or dissolve with the lowering of the concentration of the solute itself. Furthermore, many of these calculi are actually quite soluble in urine, such as uracil, and rapidly solubilize in the urine. 

To date, several small molecule biomarkers of renal toxicity have been described in the literature. Urine composition is considered to reflect kidney function and pathology. Thus, in the presence of proximal tubule damage, the relative concentrations of a number of metabolites (glucose, lactate, alanine, lysine, glutamine, glutamate, and valine) are markedly increased due to impaired reabsorption of those metabolites. An increase in the relative concentrations of those metabolites in urine is typically accompanied by a corresponding decrease in plasma levels [50,55],... 

The importance of gut microfloral populations on urine composition has been highlighted by a study in which axenic (germ free) rats were allowed to acclimatize in normal laboratory conditions and their urine biochemical makeup was monitored for 21 days [34]. The combined influence of gut microflora and parasitic infections on urinary metabolite profiles has also been elucidated [35]. 

The program utilized for this study provides the capability of establishing solution and solid phase equilibria for a multi-component system of up to thirty five components and 500 solution and solid species. Using equilibrium constant data for metals, Inorganic anions, and organic ligands (77) the iterative calculation provides for the determination of metal speciatlon as a function of pH and component concentration. Table I and II provide calculated constituent concentrations for the Purina rat chow used in the animal feeding studies for the basic urine composition. 

Normal urine is about 96% water and 4% dissolved organic and inorganic wastes. Because urine composition is an excellent indicator of a person s health, urinalysis is a routine procedure in physical checkups. 

Empirical C34H48O7 2Na Properties Solid m.w. 614.80 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 2450 mg/kg, (IP, rat) 92 mg/kg, (IV, mouse) 198 mg/kg, (subcut., rat) 1515 mg/kg TDLo (oral, human, 6 wks) 120 mg/kg harmful if swallowed eye irritant may cause sodium and water retention, hypokalemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance may cause vascular changes, changes in potassium, urine composition, thymus wt., serum composition, pulse rate, respiratory depression, tremors, convulsions Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO, CO2 emits toxic fumes underfire conditions Uses Surfactant in cosmetics Manuf./Distrib. Sigma... 

Medes observed further that the excretion of this compound paralleled the patient s protein or tyrosine intake and that administration of homogentisic acid did not affect urine composition. These findings suggested that the disease is due to a block of the transformation of tyrosine to homogentisic acid. Although this is the most probable interpretation, it has not yet received direct confirmation by analysis of enzyme activity in the liver. Furthermore, determination of the abnormal metabolite in the blood has not been included in the studies of tyrosinosis. The possibility of an abnormal excretion of the compound at the level of the renal tubules cannot be excluded entirely. 

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