Dietary Reference Intakes

Food and Nutrition Board Recommendations (2001) Dietary reference intakes - dietary fiber. Institute of Medicine, Washington D C, National Academy Press, 1-64. 

Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press, Washington, 2001. 

To replace recommended dietary allowances, the Food and Nutrition Board created the dietary reference intakes made up of seven nutrient groups. 

Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy and Protein in Healthy Children... 

Dietary guidelines, salt in, 22 813 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI),... 

In addition to RDIs and RDAs, there is a set of values termed the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). These are the most recent set of dietary recommendations established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, 1997-2001. DRIs vary significantly from the current RDIs and may provide the basis for updating the RDIs in the future (see www.nal.usda.gOv/fnic/etext/000105.html). 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) refer to nutrient intake values estimated to be adequate for 50% of age- and gender-specific groups. As seen in the table below, DRIs are comprised of RDAs in bold type and Adequate Intakes (Als) in ordinary type followed by asterisk ( ). These values may be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are estimated to meet the needs of most individuals (97% to 98%). For healthy breast-fed infants, the Al represents mean intake. For all other life-stage groups, the Al is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent specifying with confidence with percentage of individuals covered by this intake. 

TABLE 6.1 Current dietary reference intake (DRI) established for Ca intake by gender and age group juxtaposed against estimated intakes... 

Ca requirements in the United States are currently set as AIs. The recommended AI for Ca is an approximated value estimated to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the age group based on experimental or observational data that show a mean intake which appears to sustain a desired indicator of health (e.g., desirable Ca retention) however, lack of sufficient evidence precludes specifying with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake (Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine, 1997). 

Bryant, R. J., Cadogan, J., and Weaver, C. M. (1999). The new dietary reference intakes for calcium Implications for osteoporosis. /. Am. Coll. Nutr. 18, 406S-412S. 

Kennedy, E., and Meyers, L. (2005). Dietary reference intakes Development and uses for assessment of micronutrient status of women—a global perspective. Am. ]. Clin. Nutr. 81, 1194S-1197S. 

Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine (1997). In "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride." National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin Bg, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington National Academy, 1998. 

Fluorine is available to humans, plants and animals mainly in the form of fluoride ion (F ). Body fluoride status depends on numerous factors, including the total amount of fluoride ingested daily, its bioavailability and metabolism. The adequate intake (Al) of fluoride from all sources is set by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of the Dietary Reference Intakes at 0.05 mg/day/kg body weight this intake is recommended for all ages above 6 months, because it confers a high level of protection against dental caries and is not associated with any known unwanted health effects [8]. 

Table 5.1 The mineral content of 200 g fresh weight of potatoes and its potential contribution to the US diet calculated as a percentage of the US Dietary Reference Intake (DRI).

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Cu, 17-18% of the DRI of K, P, and Fe, and between 5 and 13% of the DRI of Zn, Mg, and Mn (Table 5.1). Potatoes are generally not rich in Ca, but can be a valuable source of trace elements, such as Se and I, if fertilized appropriately (Eurola et al., 1989 Poggi et al., 2000 Turakainen et al., 2004 Broadley et al., 2006). Moreover, since potato tubers have relatively high concentrations of organic compounds that stimulate the absorption of mineral micronutrients by humans, such as ascorbate (vitamin C), protein cysteine and various organic and amino acids (USDA, 2006), and low concentrations of compounds that limit their absorption, such as phytate (0.11-0.27% dry matter Frossard et al., 2000 Phillippy et al., 2004) and oxalate (0.03% dry matter Bushway et al., 1984), the bioavailability of mineral elements in potatoes is potentially high. 

Committees of experts organized by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences have compiled Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)—estimates of the amounts of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health. DRIs replace and expand on Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), which have been published wih periodic revisions since 1941. Unlike the RDAs, the DRIs establish Lpper limits on the consumption of some nutrients, and incorporate the role of nutrients in lifelong health, going beyond deficiency diseases. Boh the DRIs and the RDAs refer to long-term average daily nutrient itakes, because it is not necessary to consume the full RDA every day. 

Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins and minerals in individuals one year and older. EAR = Estimated Average Requirement RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance ... 

Staff Institute of Medicine Committee Dietary Reference intakes. Review of Dietary Anhtovns, National Academy Press. Washington, T)C, 1999... 

Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Vitamin E. In Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids A Report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compound, pp. 193-194. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 

TABLE 1.1 Milk composition and percent contribution to the daily dietary reference intake of some nutrients in 0.5 I whole milk and their main health effects... 

From Haug et al. (2007) doi 10.1186/1476-511X-6-25 (Original publisher Biomed Central). a Data from USDA Food Composition Data in Haug et at (2007). b Dietary reference intake (DRI) for men and women in Haug et al. (2007). 

Absence of reported adverse effects does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects from high intake. Caution should still be used when taking doses well in excess of the recommended daily amounts. Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies [www.iom.edu) Food Nutrition > Dietary Reference Intakes > DRI Tables > Vitamins. 

Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies [www.iom.edu] Food Nutrition > Dietary Reference Intakes > DRI Tables > Electrolytes and Water Elements. 

Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board 2002. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids , pp. 8-97. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. 

Consumption of foods rich in fiber is associated with reduced plasma LDL cholesterol concentration, diminished glycemic response, and improved bowel function. These physiological responses lead to reductions in risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and intestinal cancers. In 2002, dietary reference intakes (DRI) were established for fiber, ranging from 30 36 g/day for adult males and 21 29 g/day for adult females (Institute of Medicine, 2002). The actual fiber intake for American adults appears to be... 

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